Abstract
Genetic diversity is fundamental for the conservation and sustainable utilization of plant species. Triadica cochinchinensis, a tree species native to southern China, is an important ornamental and nectar-producing plant with considerable economic value. However, the levels of genetic diversity and the patterns of population differentiation across its natural populations remain unexplored. Here, we developed 24 highly polymorphic SSR markers and used them to assess the genetic diversity and differentiation among 280 individuals collected from 10 natural populations of T. cochinchinensis. The results showed that the average expected heterozygosity (He) revealed by the SSR markers was 0.774, and the average Shannon diversity index (I) was 1.660, indicating a high level of genetic diversity at the species level of T. cochinchinensis. Analysis using SSR markers revealed a low average observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.323) and a relatively high average inbreeding coefficient within populations (F = 0.466). These findings suggest that inbreeding is likely occurring, which may contribute to a loss of heterozygosity within the studied populations. Notably, not all populations had high genetic diversity. For example, the He of SC2 population (0.490), QY population (0.568), and SC1 population (0.585) were all below the mean He (0.607), suggesting that attention should be given to protecting populations with low genetic diversity. The results further showed that the average genetic differentiation coefficient (FST) between populations was 0.094, and the average gene flow (Nm) was 2.278, indicating that the natural populations of T. cochinchinensis had low genetic differentiation and relatively high gene flow. AMOVA indicated that 74% of the total variation was distributed within populations. Notably, populations SC1 and SC2 exhibited higher genetic differentiation from all others (FST > 0.1), which is likely attributed to mountain barriers restricting gene flow. Therefore, it is recommended to enhance in situ conservation efforts while also facilitating assisted gene flow, such as through artificial introduction. For the first time, this study reveals the genetic information of natural populations of T. cochinchinensis at the molecular level, thereby offering a valuable reference for the conservation and utilization of its germplasm resources.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The average expected heterozygosity of T. cochinchinensis revealed by SSR markers was 0.774.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensis
.jpg?width=60)
Triadica cochinchinensist0 - Outcome
- average expected heterozygositye0
- Value
- 0.774e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“the average expected heterozygosity (He) revealed by the SSR markers was 0.774, and the average Shannon diversity index (I) was 1.660”
Claim · model-written summary
The average Shannon diversity index of T. cochinchinensis was 1.660.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Outcome
- average Shannon diversity indexe0
- Value
- 1.660e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“the average expected heterozygosity (He) revealed by the SSR markers was 0.774, and the average Shannon diversity index (I) was 1.660”
Claim · model-written summary
The average observed heterozygosity was low at 0.323.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Outcome
- average observed heterozygositye0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- 0.323e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“a low average observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.323) and a relatively high average inbreeding coefficient within populations (F = 0.466)”
Claim · model-written summary
The average inbreeding coefficient within populations was relatively high at 0.466.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Outcome
- average inbreeding coefficient within populationse0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 0.466e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“a low average observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.323) and a relatively high average inbreeding coefficient within populations (F = 0.466)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that inbreeding is likely occurring in the studied populations.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Outcome
- inbreedinge0
- Qualifier
- likely occurringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“These findings suggest that inbreeding is likely occurring”
Claim · model-written summary
The He of the SC2 population (0.490) was below the mean He.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Material
- SC2 populatione0
- Outcome
- Hee0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- 0.490e0
- Qualifier
- 0.607e0
- Comparator
- the mean Hee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“the He of SC2 population (0.490), QY population (0.568), and SC1 population (0.585) were all below the mean He (0.607)”
Claim · model-written summary
The He of the QY population (0.568) was below the mean He.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Material
- QY populatione0
- Outcome
- Hee0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- 0.568e0
- Qualifier
- 0.607e0
- Comparator
- the mean Hee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“the He of SC2 population (0.490), QY population (0.568), and SC1 population (0.585) were all below the mean He (0.607)”
Claim · model-written summary
The He of the SC1 population (0.585) was below the mean He.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Material
- SC1 populatione0
- Outcome
- Hee0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- 0.585e0
- Qualifier
- 0.607e0
- Comparator
- the mean Hee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“the He of SC2 population (0.490), QY population (0.568), and SC1 population (0.585) were all below the mean He (0.607)”
Claim · model-written summary
The average genetic differentiation coefficient between populations was 0.094.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Outcome
- average genetic differentiation coefficiente0
- Value
- 0.094e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“the average genetic differentiation coefficient (FST) between populations was 0.094, and the average gene flow (Nm) was 2.278”
Claim · model-written summary
The average gene flow (Nm) between populations was 2.278.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Outcome
- average gene flowe0
- Value
- 2.278e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“the average genetic differentiation coefficient (FST) between populations was 0.094, and the average gene flow (Nm) was 2.278”
Claim · model-written summary
AMOVA showed 74% of the total variation was distributed within populations.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Outcome
- total variatione0
- Value
- 74%e0
- Qualifier
- within populationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“AMOVA indicated that 74% of the total variation was distributed within populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Populations SC1 and SC2 showed higher genetic differentiation from all other populations (FST > 0.1).
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Material
- populations SC1 and SC2e0
- Outcome
- genetic differentiatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- FST > 0.1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“populations SC1 and SC2 exhibited higher genetic differentiation from all others (FST > 0.1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher differentiation of SC1 and SC2 is likely attributed to mountain barriers restricting gene flow.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Outcome
- higher genetic differentiatione0
- Qualifier
- mountain barriers restricting gene flowe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“populations SC1 and SC2 exhibited higher genetic differentiation from all others (FST > 0.1)”
e1“which is likely attributed to mountain barriers restricting gene flow”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend enhancing in situ conservation and facilitating assisted gene flow.
- Taxon
- Triadica cochinchinensisTriadica cochinchinensist0
- Outcome
- enhance in situ conservation effortse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triadica cochinchinensis”
e0“it is recommended to enhance in situ conservation efforts while also facilitating assisted gene flow”