Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops, serving as a staple food for nearly two-thirds of the global population and ranking second after rice in the developing world. Agronomic biofortification through zinc fertilization, particularly when combined with optimal nitrogen management, has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance both crop productivity and grain nutritional quality. The synergistic interaction between nitrogen and zinc plays a crucial role in improving nutrient uptake, growth, and yield attributes of wheat, especially under Zn-deficient soil conditions. A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2025-26 at the Agronomy Research Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan to evaluate the effect of zinc bio-fortification under varying nitrogen levels on the growth and yield attributes of wheat. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications, comprising ten treatments ranging from control (T₁) to different nitrogen and zinc combinations. The results indicated that growth parameters were significantly influenced by the treatments with 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉) recorded the maximum plant height (89.86 cm), number of tillers plant⁻¹ (7.68) and dry matter accumulation (14.16 g plant⁻¹). This treatment remained statistically at par with T₁₀, T₈ and T₆ and exhibited increases of 29.91%, 44.09% and 46.74% over control (T₁), respectively. However, plant population at 20 DAS and at maturity was not significantly affected by the treatments. Phenological parameters were also influenced with the maximum days to 50% flowering (82.53) and physiological maturity (128.50) recorded under 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉). Similarly, yield attributes were significantly improved under 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉) recorded the highest spike length (11.34 cm), grains spike⁻¹ (51.38), seed yield plant⁻¹ (32.49 g) and test weight (43.50 g) with corresponding increases of 50.80%, 20.52%, 46.50% and 16.59% over control. Thus, the application of 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉) proved to be the most effective treatment for enhancing growth, yield attributes and overall productivity of wheat.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
T9 gave maximum plant height of 89.86 cm, 29.91% over control.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume2 - Treatment
- 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 89.86 cme0
- Qualifier
- 29.91%e1
- Comparator
- control (T₁)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉) recorded the maximum plant height (89.86 cm), number of tillers plant⁻¹ (7.68) and dry matter accumulation (14.16 g plant⁻¹)”
e1“increases of 29.91%, 44.09% and 46.74% over control (T₁)”
e2“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 gave maximum tillers per plant of 7.68, 44.09% over control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹e0
- Outcome
- number of tillers plant⁻¹e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 7.68e0
- Qualifier
- 44.09%e1
- Comparator
- control (T₁)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉) recorded the maximum plant height (89.86 cm), number of tillers plant⁻¹ (7.68) and dry matter accumulation (14.16 g plant⁻¹)”
e1“increases of 29.91%, 44.09% and 46.74% over control (T₁)”
e2“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 gave maximum dry matter of 14.16 g per plant, 46.74% over control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹e0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 14.16 g plant⁻¹e0
- Qualifier
- 46.74%e1
- Comparator
- control (T₁)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉) recorded the maximum plant height (89.86 cm), number of tillers plant⁻¹ (7.68) and dry matter accumulation (14.16 g plant⁻¹)”
e1“increases of 29.91%, 44.09% and 46.74% over control (T₁)”
e2“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant population at 20 DAS and maturity was not significantly affected.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant population at 20 DAS and at maturitye0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant population at 20 DAS and at maturity was not significantly affected by the treatments”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 produced maximum days to 50% flowering of 82.53.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹e0
- Outcome
- days to 50% floweringe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 82.53e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum days to 50% flowering (82.53) and physiological maturity (128.50) recorded under 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉)”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 produced maximum days to physiological maturity of 128.50.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹e0
- Outcome
- physiological maturitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 128.50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum days to 50% flowering (82.53) and physiological maturity (128.50) recorded under 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉)”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 gave spike length of 11.34 cm, 50.80% over control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹e1
- Outcome
- spike lengthe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 11.34 cme0
- Qualifier
- 50.80%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest spike length (11.34 cm), grains spike⁻¹ (51.38), seed yield plant⁻¹ (32.49 g) and test weight (43.50 g) with corresponding increases of 50.80%, 20.52%, 46.50% and 16.59% over control”
e1“recorded under 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉)”
e2“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 gave 51.38 grains per spike, 20.52% over control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹e1
- Outcome
- grains spike⁻¹e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 51.38e0
- Qualifier
- 20.52%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest spike length (11.34 cm), grains spike⁻¹ (51.38), seed yield plant⁻¹ (32.49 g) and test weight (43.50 g) with corresponding increases of 50.80%, 20.52%, 46.50% and 16.59% over control”
e1“recorded under 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉)”
e2“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 gave seed yield of 32.49 g per plant, 46.50% over control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹e1
- Outcome
- seed yield plant⁻¹e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 32.49 ge0
- Qualifier
- 46.50%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest spike length (11.34 cm), grains spike⁻¹ (51.38), seed yield plant⁻¹ (32.49 g) and test weight (43.50 g) with corresponding increases of 50.80%, 20.52%, 46.50% and 16.59% over control”
e1“recorded under 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉)”
e2“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 gave test weight of 43.50 g, 16.59% over control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹e1
- Outcome
- test weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 43.50 ge0
- Qualifier
- 16.59%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest spike length (11.34 cm), grains spike⁻¹ (51.38), seed yield plant⁻¹ (32.49 g) and test weight (43.50 g) with corresponding increases of 50.80%, 20.52%, 46.50% and 16.59% over control”
e1“recorded under 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉)”
e2“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered T9 the most effective treatment for wheat productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹e0
- Outcome
- most effective treatment for enhancing growth, yield attributes and overall productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 125% RDN + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha⁻¹ (T₉) proved to be the most effective treatment for enhancing growth, yield attributes and overall productivity of wheat”
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