Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the fungal seed diseases affecting two major monocotyledonous weed species, Panicum miliaceum L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L., in Hungary. Seeds of Panicum miliaceum L. were collected from Keszthely in 1985 and 2007 while the seeds of Echinochloa crus-galli were gathered from Keszthely and Szombathely regions in 2010. The experiment was set in two repetitions with 50 seeds each; resulting in a total of 100 seeds germinated per sample. Seeds were arranged in Petri dishes on moistened filter paper, then covered, and incubated in an incubator at 24ºC for 14 days. Visual scans for early infections were conducted on day 7 and thereafter on day 14. Infected seeds underwent both visual and microscopic examinations to identify fungal genera. The microscopic analysis revealed that the most isolates were consistent with ascomycetous fungi. The most abundant genera identified were Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp. and Aspergillus spp. Based on analysis of the results, out of the 400 seeds examined, Fusarium was the most dominant with 44.25%, followed by Alternaria (21.25%), and Aspergillus (16.5%). E. crus-galli showed a higher susceptibility to Fusarium, Alternaria and Aspergillus compared to P. miliaceum. Given that these monocot weeds are prevalent and serve as reservoirs for pathogens causing substantial agricultural losses in Hungarian agricultural fields, therefore strengthening the holistic integrated pest management (IPM) strategies is crucial. Furthermore, transitioning towards the use on non-chemical control measures for these fungal groups is recommended to reduce the damage to the environment and overreliance on fungicides.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium was the most dominant seed-borne fungus, at 44.25% of 400 seeds.
- Taxon
- Panicum miliaceum and Echinochloa crus-galli
Panicum miliaceum
Echinochloa crus-gallit1 - Outcome
- most dominante2
- Value
- 44.25%e2
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Seedborne fungal pathogens associated with Panicum miliaceum and Echinochloa crus-galli in Hungary”
e2“out of the 400 seeds examined, Fusarium was the most dominant with 44.25%”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria was the second most frequent seed-borne fungus, at 21.25%.
- Taxon
- Panicum miliaceum and Echinochloa crus-galliPanicum miliaceumEchinochloa crus-gallit1
- Interactor
- Alternaria
Alternariae3pathogen - Outcome
- followed by Alternariae3
- Value
- 21.25%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Seedborne fungal pathogens associated with Panicum miliaceum and Echinochloa crus-galli in Hungary”
e3“followed by Alternaria (21.25%), and Aspergillus (16.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus was a seed-borne fungus at 16.5%.
- Taxon
- Panicum miliaceum and Echinochloa crus-galliPanicum miliaceumEchinochloa crus-gallit1
- Interactor
- Aspergillus
Aspergilluse3pathogen - Outcome
- and Aspergilluse3
- Value
- 16.5%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Seedborne fungal pathogens associated with Panicum miliaceum and Echinochloa crus-galli in Hungary”
e3“followed by Alternaria (21.25%), and Aspergillus (16.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
E. crus-galli was more susceptible to Fusarium than P. miliaceum.
- Taxon
- E. crus-galliEchinochloa crus-gallie4
- Outcome
- susceptibility to Fusariume4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- P. miliaceume4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“E. crus-galli showed a higher susceptibility to Fusarium, Alternaria and Aspergillus compared to P. miliaceum”
Claim · model-written summary
E. crus-galli was more susceptible to Alternaria than P. miliaceum.
- Taxon
- E. crus-galliEchinochloa crus-gallie4
- Interactor
- AlternariaAlternariae4pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- P. miliaceume4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“E. crus-galli showed a higher susceptibility to Fusarium, Alternaria and Aspergillus compared to P. miliaceum”
Claim · model-written summary
E. crus-galli was more susceptible to Aspergillus than P. miliaceum.
- Taxon
- E. crus-galliEchinochloa crus-gallie4
- Interactor
- AspergillusAspergilluse4pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- P. miliaceume4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“E. crus-galli showed a higher susceptibility to Fusarium, Alternaria and Aspergillus compared to P. miliaceum”
Claim · model-written summary
Most isolates were consistent with ascomycetous fungi.
- Taxon
- Panicum miliaceum and Echinochloa crus-galliPanicum miliaceumEchinochloa crus-gallit1
- Interactor
- ascomycetous fungie5other
- Outcome
- consistent with ascomycetous fungie5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Seedborne fungal pathogens associated with Panicum miliaceum and Echinochloa crus-galli in Hungary”
e5“The microscopic analysis revealed that the most isolates were consistent with ascomycetous fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend transitioning to non-chemical control measures for these fungal groups on monocot weeds.
Verbatim
e7“Given that these monocot weeds are prevalent and serve as reservoirs for pathogens causing substantial agricultural losses in Hungarian agricultural fields”
e6“transitioning towards the use on non-chemical control measures for these fungal groups is recommended”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend strengthening integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for monocot weeds.
Verbatim
e7“Given that these monocot weeds are prevalent and serve as reservoirs for pathogens causing substantial agricultural losses in Hungarian agricultural fields, therefore strengthening the holistic integrated pest management (IPM) strategies is crucial”