Abstract
Characterizing genetic diversity in proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) is essential for crop improvement and breeding programs. This study evaluated the genetic diversity, phenotypic variation, and population structure of 46 proso millet accessions using five qualitative and twelve quantitative traits across two growing seasons (2023-2024) in northern Xinjiang. Grain color showed the highest genetic diversity index (H′ = 2.064), while panicle type showed the lowest (H′ = 1.383). Green panicle color (84.78%), long panicle branch length (63.04%), lateral panicle type (71.74%), and yellow grain color (86.96%) were predominant. Grain yield (Y) and grain weight per panicle (GWP) exhibited the highest coefficients of variation (15.00% and 14.61%, respectively) and substantial genetic diversity indices (Y: H′ = 2.11; GWP: H′ = 2.12), indicating considerable selection potential. Grain yield was significantly positively correlated with grain weight per panicle (r = 0.901, P < 0.01 ) and main panicle length (r = 0.863, P < 0.01 ). Combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotypic effects for all agronomic traits, while genotype × environment interaction effects were non-significant for all traits, indicating stable genotype rankings across years. Broad-sense heritability estimates were very high for yield-related traits, with grain yield (H² = 0.998) and grain weight per panicle (H² = 0.996) demonstrating strong genetic control. Stepwise regression analysis identified grain weight per panicle and main panicle length as the primary yield predictors (R² = 0.91). Principal component analysis showed PC1 and PC2 explained 70.13% of total variation, representing vegetative vigor and yield capacity, respectively. Cluster analysis identified three groups with distinct trait profiles suitable for dual-purpose breeding, early-maturing cultivar development, and forage breeding, respectively. The evaluated germplasm possesses substantial genetic diversity, providing valuable resources for breeding parent selection in northern Xinjiang proso millet improvement programs.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Grain color showed the highest genetic diversity index (H′ = 2.064) among the traits.
- Taxon
- proso millet
Panicum miliaceumt0 - Outcome
- genetic diversity indexe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- H′ = 2.064e1
- Qualifier
- Grain colore1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Grain color showed the highest genetic diversity index (H′ = 2.064), while panicle type showed the lowest (H′ = 1.383)”
Claim · model-written summary
Panicle type showed the lowest genetic diversity index (H′ = 1.383) among the traits.
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- genetic diversity indexe1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- H′ = 1.383e1
- Qualifier
- panicle typee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Grain color showed the highest genetic diversity index (H′ = 2.064), while panicle type showed the lowest (H′ = 1.383)”
Claim · model-written summary
Green panicle color was predominant (84.78%) among the accessions.
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- Green panicle colore1
- Direction
- predominante1
- Value
- 84.78%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Green panicle color (84.78%), long panicle branch length (63.04%), lateral panicle type (71.74%), and yellow grain color (86.96%) were predominant”
Claim · model-written summary
Long panicle branch length was predominant (63.04%) among the accessions.
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- long panicle branch lengthe1
- Direction
- predominante1
- Value
- 63.04%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Green panicle color (84.78%), long panicle branch length (63.04%), lateral panicle type (71.74%), and yellow grain color (86.96%) were predominant”
Claim · model-written summary
Lateral panicle type was predominant (71.74%) among the accessions.
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- lateral panicle typee1
- Direction
- predominante1
- Value
- 71.74%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Green panicle color (84.78%), long panicle branch length (63.04%), lateral panicle type (71.74%), and yellow grain color (86.96%) were predominant”
Claim · model-written summary
Yellow grain color was predominant (86.96%) among the accessions.
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- yellow grain colore1
- Direction
- predominante1
- Value
- 86.96%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Green panicle color (84.78%), long panicle branch length (63.04%), lateral panicle type (71.74%), and yellow grain color (86.96%) were predominant”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield had one of the highest coefficients of variation (15.00%) and substantial genetic diversity (H′ = 2.11).
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- coefficients of variatione1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 15.00%e1
- Qualifier
- Grain yield (Y)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Grain yield (Y) and grain weight per panicle (GWP) exhibited the highest coefficients of variation (15.00% and 14.61%, respectively) and substantial genetic diversity indices (Y: H′ = 2.11; GWP: H′ = 2.12)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain weight per panicle had one of the highest coefficients of variation (14.61%) and substantial genetic diversity (H′ = 2.12).
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- coefficients of variatione1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 14.61%e1
- Qualifier
- grain weight per panicle (GWP)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Grain yield (Y) and grain weight per panicle (GWP) exhibited the highest coefficients of variation (15.00% and 14.61%, respectively) and substantial genetic diversity indices (Y: H′ = 2.11; GWP: H′ = 2.12)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was significantly positively correlated with grain weight per panicle (r = 0.901, P < 0.01).
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Organ / stage
- paniclee1
- Outcome
- Grain yielde1
- Direction
- positively correlatede1
- Value
- r = 0.901e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Grain yield was significantly positively correlated with grain weight per panicle (r = 0.901”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was significantly positively correlated with main panicle length (r = 0.863, P < 0.01).
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Organ / stage
- paniclee2
- Outcome
- Grain yielde1
- Direction
- positively correlatede1
- Value
- r = 0.863e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Grain yield was significantly positively correlated”
e2“main panicle length (r = 0.863”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotypic effects for all agronomic traits.
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- genotypic effectse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotypic effects for all agronomic traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype by environment interaction effects were non-significant for all traits.
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- genotype × environment interaction effectse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“while genotype × environment interaction effects were non-significant for all traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad-sense heritability of grain yield was very high (H² = 0.998).
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- Broad-sense heritabilitye1
- Value
- H² = 0.998e1
- Qualifier
- grain yielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Broad-sense heritability estimates were very high for yield-related traits, with grain yield (H² = 0.998) and grain weight per panicle (H² = 0.996)”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad-sense heritability of grain weight per panicle was very high (H² = 0.996).
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- Broad-sense heritabilitye1
- Value
- H² = 0.996e1
- Qualifier
- grain weight per paniclee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Broad-sense heritability estimates were very high for yield-related traits, with grain yield (H² = 0.998) and grain weight per panicle (H² = 0.996)”
Claim · model-written summary
Stepwise regression identified grain weight per panicle and main panicle length as the primary yield predictors (R² = 0.91).
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- primary yield predictorse1
- Value
- R² = 0.91e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Stepwise regression analysis identified grain weight per panicle and main panicle length as the primary yield predictors (R² = 0.91)”
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component analysis showed PC1 and PC2 explained 70.13% of total variation, representing vegetative vigor and yield capacity.
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- total variatione1
- Value
- 70.13%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Principal component analysis showed PC1 and PC2 explained 70.13% of total variation, representing vegetative vigor and yield capacity, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cluster analysis identified three groups with distinct trait profiles suitable for dual-purpose breeding, early-maturing cultivar development, and forage breeding.
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- three groups with distinct trait profilese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“Cluster analysis identified three groups with distinct trait profiles suitable for dual-purpose breeding, early-maturing cultivar development, and forage breeding, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The evaluated proso millet germplasm possesses substantial genetic diversity useful for breeding parent selection.
- Taxon
- proso milletPanicum miliaceumt0
- Outcome
- substantial genetic diversitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“proso millet”
e1“The evaluated germplasm possesses substantial genetic diversity”