Abstract
Abstract Wild radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum L.) is a highly competitive annual broadleaf weed that significantly constrains wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production, particularly under increasing herbicide resistance and limited chemical control options. Optimizing sowing geometry offers a practical, nonchemical approach to enhance crop competitiveness and suppress weed growth. A field study was conducted during 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the impact of different sowing geometries on R. raphanistrum suppression and wheat productivity. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments, including broadcast sowing; line sowing at 11, 22, and 33 cm; ridge sowing (30 cm); bed sowing (60 cm); and cross sowing (22 cm). Sowing geometry significantly influenced R. raphanistrum density and biomass at all growth stages (15 to 45 d after sowing). Narrow spacing (11 cm) consistently resulted in the lowest weed density and biomass, while the wider 33-cm spacing resulted in the highest weed pressure. Crop growth and yield responses were consistent across years, with 11-cm line sowing producing the highest number of productive tillers (393.7 m −2 ), grains per spike (42.9), biological yield (15.4 Mg ha −1 ) and grain yield (6.0 Mg ha −1 ) averaged across 2 yr. This treatment was closely followed by cross sowing (22 cm). In contrast, wider spacing (33 cm) reduced grain yield by approximately 25% to 30% due to increased weed competition and reduced crop competitiveness. Correlation and principal component analyses revealed a strong negative association between late-season weed biomass and wheat productivity, emphasizing the importance of sustained weed suppression during critical growth stages. Overall, narrow row spacing, particularly 11-cm line sowing, enhanced crop competitiveness, effectively suppressed R. raphanistrum , and maximized wheat yield, demonstrating its potential as an eco-friendly strategy for integrated weed management.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing geometry significantly affected wild radish density and biomass at 15 to 45 days after sowing.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- 15 to 45 d after sowinge0
- Treatment
- Sowing geometrye0
- Interactor
- R. raphanistrum
_Raphanus_raphanistrum_-_flowers.jpg?width=60)
Raphanus raphanistrume0weed - Outcome
- R. raphanistrum density and biomasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Raphanus_raphanistrum_-_flowers.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Sowing geometry significantly influenced R. raphanistrum density and biomass at all growth stages (15 to 45 d after sowing).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 11 cm row spacing, wild radish density and biomass were lowest.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Narrow spacing (11 cm)e0
- Interactor
- R. raphanistrumRaphanus raphanistrume1weed
- Outcome
- weed density and biomasse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- wider 33-cm spacinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Narrow spacing (11 cm) consistently resulted in the lowest weed density and biomass, while the wider 33-cm spacing resulted in the highest weed pressure.”
e1“R. raphanistrum suppression”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 33 cm row spacing, wild radish pressure was highest.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- wider 33-cm spacinge0
- Interactor
- R. raphanistrumRaphanus raphanistrume1weed
- Outcome
- weed pressuree0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- Narrow spacing (11 cm)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Narrow spacing (11 cm) consistently resulted in the lowest weed density and biomass, while the wider 33-cm spacing resulted in the highest weed pressure.”
e1“R. raphanistrum suppression”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 11 cm line sowing, productive tillers averaged 393.7 m −2 over two years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 11-cm line sowinge0
- Outcome
- number of productive tillerse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 393.7 m −2e0
- Qualifier
- averaged across 2 yre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“11-cm line sowing producing the highest number of productive tillers (393.7 m −2 ), grains per spike (42.9), biological yield (15.4 Mg ha −1 ) and grain yield (6.0 Mg ha −1 ) averaged across 2 yr”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 11 cm line sowing, grains per spike averaged 42.9 over two years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 11-cm line sowinge0
- Outcome
- grains per spikee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 42.9e0
- Qualifier
- averaged across 2 yre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“11-cm line sowing producing the highest number of productive tillers (393.7 m −2 ), grains per spike (42.9), biological yield (15.4 Mg ha −1 ) and grain yield (6.0 Mg ha −1 ) averaged across 2 yr”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 11 cm line sowing, biological yield averaged 15.4 Mg ha −1 over two years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 11-cm line sowinge0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 15.4 Mg ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- averaged across 2 yre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“11-cm line sowing producing the highest number of productive tillers (393.7 m −2 ), grains per spike (42.9), biological yield (15.4 Mg ha −1 ) and grain yield (6.0 Mg ha −1 ) averaged across 2 yr”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 11 cm line sowing, grain yield averaged 6.0 Mg ha −1 over two years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 11-cm line sowinge0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 6.0 Mg ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- averaged across 2 yre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“11-cm line sowing producing the highest number of productive tillers (393.7 m −2 ), grains per spike (42.9), biological yield (15.4 Mg ha −1 ) and grain yield (6.0 Mg ha −1 ) averaged across 2 yr”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cross sowing at 22 cm closely followed 11 cm line sowing for crop growth and yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cross sowing (22 cm)e0
- Outcome
- Crop growth and yield responsese1
- Comparator
- 11-cm line sowinge1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment was closely followed by cross sowing (22 cm).”
e1“Crop growth and yield responses were consistent across years, with 11-cm line sowing producing the highest number of productive tillers”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wider 33 cm spacing reduced wheat grain yield by approximately 25% to 30%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- wider spacing (33 cm)e0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25% to 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wider spacing (33 cm) reduced grain yield by approximately 25% to 30% due to increased weed competition and reduced crop competitiveness.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-season weed biomass was strongly negatively associated with wheat productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- wheat productivitye0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Qualifier
- late-season weed biomasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a strong negative association between late-season weed biomass and wheat productivity”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify 11 cm line sowing as an integrated weed management strategy.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- R. raphanistrumRaphanus raphanistrume0weed
- Outcome
- 11-cm line sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“narrow row spacing, particularly 11-cm line sowing, enhanced crop competitiveness, effectively suppressed R. raphanistrum , and maximized wheat yield, demonstrating its potential as an eco-friendly strategy for integrated weed management.”
t0“wheat”
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