Abstract
[[abstract]]The disjunctive distribution of Fagus hayatae between Taiwan and mainland China provides a unique framework for understanding phylogeographic patterns and evolutionary processes in relict tree species. This study investigated the genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogeographic history of F. hayatae using microsatellite and chloroplast DNA markers. Analysis of 249 samples from nine populations revealed that Taiwanese populations possess higher genetic diversity with significant inbreeding, while mainland Chinese populations showed lower diversity and inbreeding levels. Chloroplast DNA analysis identified eight haplotypes, with unique variants in Taiwanese populations. AMOVA confirmed significant genetic differentiation between the two regions, revealing four distinct clustering patterns and three clear phylogenetic clades, including an earlydiverging Taiwanese TS population. Molecular divergence time estimation based on chloroplast DNA sequences indicates a temporal divergence pattern within F. hayatae populations, with the Taiwanese TS lineage exhibiting an earlier separation event, followed by subsequent divergence between other Taiwanese populations (PCTS and AW) and mainland Chinese populations (CH). These phylogeographic events temporally correspond with significant paleoclimatic and geotectonic episodes in East Asia. Demographic and historical biogeography inference revealed a recent population decline in Taiwan, in contrast to more stable population dynamics on the mainland, while historical gene flow between the regions remains limited, and suggested several dispersals and vicariant events influencing the current genetic structure. These findings not only delineate the genetic structure shaped by historical geographic isolation and contemporary evolutionary processes but also emphasize Taiwan’s role as a genetic refugium for F. hayatae.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Taiwanese populations have higher genetic diversity than mainland Chinese populations.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayatae
Fagus hayataet0 - Material
- Taiwanese populationse1
- Outcome
- genetic diversitye1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- mainland Chinese populationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e1“Taiwanese populations possess higher genetic diversity with significant inbreeding, while mainland Chinese populations showed lower diversity and inbreeding levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Taiwanese populations show significant inbreeding.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Material
- Taiwanese populationse1
- Outcome
- inbreedinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e1“Taiwanese populations possess higher genetic diversity with significant inbreeding, while mainland Chinese populations showed lower diversity and inbreeding levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Mainland Chinese populations have lower inbreeding levels than Taiwanese populations.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Material
- mainland Chinese populationse1
- Outcome
- inbreeding levelse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- Taiwanese populationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e1“Taiwanese populations possess higher genetic diversity with significant inbreeding, while mainland Chinese populations showed lower diversity and inbreeding levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast DNA analysis identified eight haplotypes.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Outcome
- haplotypese2
- Value
- eighte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e2“Chloroplast DNA analysis identified eight haplotypes, with unique variants in Taiwanese populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast DNA haplotypes include unique variants in Taiwanese populations.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Material
- Taiwanese populationse2
- Outcome
- unique variantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e2“Chloroplast DNA analysis identified eight haplotypes, with unique variants in Taiwanese populations”
Claim · model-written summary
AMOVA confirmed significant genetic differentiation between the two regions.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Outcome
- genetic differentiatione3
- Qualifier
- between the two regionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e3“AMOVA confirmed significant genetic differentiation between the two regions”
Claim · model-written summary
AMOVA revealed four distinct clustering patterns.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Outcome
- clustering patternse4
- Value
- foure4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e4“revealing four distinct clustering patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Three clear phylogenetic clades were identified.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Outcome
- phylogenetic cladese5
- Value
- threee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e5“three clear phylogenetic clades”
Claim · model-written summary
The Taiwanese TS population is early-diverging.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Material
- Taiwanese TS populatione6
- Outcome
- earlydiverginge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e6“an earlydiverging Taiwanese TS population”
Claim · model-written summary
The Taiwanese TS lineage shows an earlier separation event.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Material
- Taiwanese TS lineagee7
- Outcome
- earlier separation evente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e7“with the Taiwanese TS lineage exhibiting an earlier separation event”
Claim · model-written summary
Other Taiwanese populations (PCTS and AW) diverged subsequently from mainland Chinese populations (CH).
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Material
- PCTS and AWe1
- Outcome
- subsequent divergencee1
- Comparator
- mainland Chinese populations (CH)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e1“followed by subsequent divergence between other Taiwanese populations (PCTS and AW) and mainland Chinese populations (CH)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogeographic events temporally correspond with paleoclimatic and geotectonic episodes in East Asia.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Outcome
- phylogeographic eventse1
- Qualifier
- temporally corresponde1
- Setting
- East Asiae1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e1“These phylogeographic events temporally correspond with significant paleoclimatic and geotectonic episodes in East Asia”
Claim · model-written summary
Taiwan shows a recent population decline, in contrast to more stable population dynamics on the mainland.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Outcome
- population declinee1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Comparator
- more stable population dynamics on the mainlande1
- Setting
- Taiwane1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e1“Demographic and historical biogeography inference revealed a recent population decline in Taiwan, in contrast to more stable population dynamics on the mainland”
Claim · model-written summary
Historical gene flow between Taiwan and the mainland is limited.
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Outcome
- historical gene flowe1
- Qualifier
- remains limitede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e1“historical gene flow between the regions remains limited”
Claim · model-written summary
Several dispersals and vicariant events influenced the current genetic structure (author interpretation).
- Taxon
- Fagus hayataeFagus hayataet0
- Outcome
- current genetic structuree1
- Qualifier
- several dispersals and vicariant eventse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fagus hayatae”
e1“suggested several dispersals and vicariant events influencing the current genetic structure”