Abstract
Brown spot disease, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, poses a major threat to kiwifruit production, leading to severe defoliation, nutrient loss, and significant economic damage. This study assessed 25 kiwifruit germplasm accessions and found 64% exhibited resistance, including three highly resistant (HR) cultivars; most commercial and wild germplasm accessions were moderately resistant (MR) or highly susceptible (HS). Three cultivars representing different resistance levels — HR ‘Longshan’ (LS), MR ‘Jinyan’ (JY), and HS ‘Hongyang’ (HY) — were selected for mechanistic analysis. Resistant types showed stronger structural defenses: 64.55% lower stomatal density, 60.05% more trichome branching, and 52.28% higher epicuticular wax content than susceptible ones. These traits delayed appressorium formation by 12 hours and hindered penetration peg development. After infection, resistant plants activated rapid immune responses-ROS burst, hypersensitive reaction, and extensive lignin deposition. In LS, four defense enzyme activities rose 12–48 hours earlier than in HY and reached 1.12–1.57 times higher levels. Six defense-related genes were significantly up-regulated within 48 hours post-inoculation (hpi). Stepwise regression of 22 variables identified five key predictors of resistance: stomatal density, lesion diameter at 120 hpi (cm), average Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase gene expression (0, 4 and 8 hpi), peroxidase enzyme average activity (36, 48 and 72 hpi), and H 2 O 2 accumulation average area (12, 24 and 36 hpi). A model based on these achieved 94.24% accuracy (R² = 0.95) in field validation, offering a reliable tool for evaluating kiwifruit resistance.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
64% of 25 kiwifruit germplasm accessions exhibited resistance to brown spot, including three highly resistant cultivars.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosat0 - Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicola
Corynespora cassiicolat0pathogen - Outcome
- resistancee0
- Value
- 64%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“25 kiwifruit germplasm accessions and found 64% exhibited resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Most commercial and wild germplasm accessions were moderately resistant or highly susceptible.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Material
- commercial and wild germplasm accessionse0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- moderately resistant (MR) or highly susceptible (HS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“most commercial and wild germplasm accessions were moderately resistant (MR) or highly susceptible (HS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant kiwifruit types had 64.55% lower stomatal density than susceptible ones.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- stomatal densitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 64.55%e0
- Comparator
- susceptible onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“64.55% lower stomatal density, 60.05% more trichome branching, and 52.28% higher epicuticular wax content than susceptible ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant kiwifruit types had 60.05% more trichome branching than susceptible ones.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- trichome branchinge0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 60.05%e0
- Comparator
- susceptible onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“64.55% lower stomatal density, 60.05% more trichome branching, and 52.28% higher epicuticular wax content than susceptible ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant kiwifruit types had 52.28% higher epicuticular wax content than susceptible ones.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- epicuticular wax contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 52.28%e0
- Comparator
- susceptible onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“64.55% lower stomatal density, 60.05% more trichome branching, and 52.28% higher epicuticular wax content than susceptible ones”
Claim · model-written summary
The structural traits of resistant types delayed appressorium formation by 12 hours.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- appressorium formatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- 12 hourse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“These traits delayed appressorium formation by 12 hours”
Claim · model-written summary
The structural traits of resistant types hindered penetration peg development.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- penetration peg developmente0
- Direction
- hinderede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“hindered penetration peg development”
Claim · model-written summary
After infection, resistant plants activated a ROS burst, hypersensitive reaction and extensive lignin deposition.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Material
- resistant plantse0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- ROS burst, hypersensitive reaction, and extensive lignin depositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“After infection, resistant plants activated rapid immune responses-ROS burst, hypersensitive reaction, and extensive lignin deposition”
Claim · model-written summary
In the resistant cultivar LS, four defense enzyme activities rose 12-48 hours earlier than in susceptible HY.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Material
- LSe0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- defense enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- rosee0
- Value
- 12–48 hours earliere0
- Comparator
- HYe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“In LS, four defense enzyme activities rose 12–48 hours earlier than in HY and reached 1.12–1.57 times higher levels”
Claim · model-written summary
In LS, four defense enzyme activities reached 1.12-1.57 times the levels in HY.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Material
- LSe0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- defense enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.12–1.57 timese0
- Comparator
- HYe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“In LS, four defense enzyme activities rose 12–48 hours earlier than in HY and reached 1.12–1.57 times higher levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Six defense-related genes were significantly up-regulated within 48 hours post-inoculation.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Gene
- defense-related genese0
- Outcome
- defense-related genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Qualifier
- within 48 hours post-inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“Six defense-related genes were significantly up-regulated within 48 hours post-inoculation (hpi)”
Claim · model-written summary
Stepwise regression of 22 variables identified five key predictors of resistance.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- five key predictors of resistancee0
- Qualifier
- Stepwise regression of 22 variablese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“Stepwise regression of 22 variables identified five key predictors of resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
A model based on the key predictors achieved 94.24% accuracy (R2 = 0.95) in field validation for estimating kiwifruit resistance.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Corynespora cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- accuracye0
- Value
- 94.24%e0
- Qualifier
- R² = 0.95e0
- Setting
- field validatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“kiwifruit against Corynespora cassiicola”
e0“A model based on these achieved 94.24% accuracy (R² = 0.95) in field validation”