Abstract
Abstract The basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma boninense has been affecting the health and productivity of oil palms for over seven decades. The disease incidences have been progressively on the rise due to multiple predisposing factors. The lack of understanding on the pathogen’s epidemiology leads to poor management of the disease in oil palm. An investigation was initiated on the survival and aggressiveness of the G. boninense isolates sampled across Peninsular Malaysia (Perak, Terengganu, Selangor and Johor) . For the first part, potential substrates were pre-inoculated with G. boninense PER71 to assess the survival ability of the pathogen in four different soil depths (5, 10, 20, and 30 cm). Over the six months of assessment, the highest survival rate of G. boninense PER71 was found on oil palm root (OPR), oil palm trunk (OPT) and rubberwood block (RWB) at 30 cm depth. The survival varied in different types of substrates, while depth and time were observed to be inversely related. The second part of the study investigated the spectrum of G. boninense isolates aggressiveness via a pathogenicity test. Based on the disease severity index (DSI), ET61 (Terengganu) was recorded as the most aggressive (58.75%), while SJ33 (Johor) was the least aggressive isolate (3.13%) under 70 and 90% shades. It was interesting to note that the isolates’ aggressiveness decreased as the age of the sampled palms increased, and this was also related to the soil type in which the isolates were sampled. We conclude that infection within younger palms in the field was due to a higher aggressive spectrum of the isolates. This is the first report associating the age of the palms with the aggressiveness of G. boninense isolates.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Ganoderma PER71 survival was highest on oil palm root at 30 cm depth.
Verbatim
e0“the highest survival rate of G. boninense PER71 was found on oil palm root (OPR), oil palm trunk (OPT) and rubberwood block (RWB) at 30 cm depth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ganoderma PER71 survival was highest on oil palm trunk at 30 cm depth.
Verbatim
e0“the highest survival rate of G. boninense PER71 was found on oil palm root (OPR), oil palm trunk (OPT) and rubberwood block (RWB) at 30 cm depth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ganoderma PER71 survival was highest on rubberwood block at 30 cm depth.
Verbatim
e0“the highest survival rate of G. boninense PER71 was found on oil palm root (OPR), oil palm trunk (OPT) and rubberwood block (RWB) at 30 cm depth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ganoderma survival varied by substrate type.
Verbatim
e0“The survival varied in different types of substrates”
t0“oil palm”
Claim · model-written summary
Ganoderma survival was inversely related to depth.
Verbatim
e0“depth and time were observed to be inversely related”
t0“oil palm”
e1“The survival varied in different types of substrates”
Claim · model-written summary
ET61 from Terengganu was the most aggressive isolate, with DSI 58.75%.
Verbatim
e0“ET61 (Terengganu) was recorded as the most aggressive (58.75%)”
t0“oil palm”
Claim · model-written summary
SJ33 from Johor was least aggressive, with DSI 3.13%.
Verbatim
e0“SJ33 (Johor) was the least aggressive isolate (3.13%) under 70 and 90% shades”
t0“oil palm”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate aggressiveness decreased with age of sampled oil palms.
Verbatim
e0“the isolates’ aggressiveness decreased as the age of the sampled palms increased”
e1“isolates’ aggressiveness”
e2“the G. boninense isolates sampled across Peninsular Malaysia”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate aggressiveness was related to sampled soil type.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“this was also related to the soil type in which the isolates were sampled”
t0“oil palm”
e1“isolates’ aggressiveness”
e2“the G. boninense isolates sampled across Peninsular Malaysia”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute infection of younger palms to isolates with higher aggressiveness.
Verbatim
e0“infection within younger palms in the field was due to a higher aggressive spectrum of the isolates”
e1“the G. boninense isolates sampled across Peninsular Malaysia”