Abstract
Synthetic herbicides have been causing damage to health and the environment, and this has driven studies on more sustainable alternatives. The present study evaluated the phytotoxic potential of Hesperozygis ringens essential oil (EO) on Amaranthus viridis , an infesting plant. The following concentrations of the EO (emulsified in Tween® 80) were tested: 1%, 3%, and 6% as well as three controls (water; water + Tween® 80; herbicide EnlistDuo® Colex-D). The experiments, conducted in a greenhouse and in the field, evaluated germinative parameters (percentage, average time, germination speed, and percentage of seedling formation), physiological parameters (chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, electrolyte leakage), and anatomical changes. The EC₅₀ of EO on A. viridis was determined. The data were submitted to ANOVA and either LSD-Fisher test (p < 0,05) or Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric data. Results revealed a dose-dependent effect, and the concentrations of 3% and 6% were the most effective, with reduced germination percentage, time, and speed, reduced chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic capacity, increased electrolyte leakage, leaf necrosis, and severe anatomical damages. In the field, 6% of EO caused severe necrosis and total wilting in a shorter period than the herbicide. EC₅₀ showed higher sensitivity to the EO in the germinative phase (EC₅₀=2.11–3.09%) compared to already established plants (EC₅₀=2.57–5.52%). H. ringens EO showed significant phytotoxic potential against A. viridis , both in the greenhouse and under field conditions, comprising a sustainable and promising alternative for the management of infesting plants, in line with the principles of sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Higher essential oil doses reduced germination percentage, time and speed.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus viridist0 - Treatment
- 3% and 6%e0
- Outcome
- germination percentage, time, and speede0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentrations of 3% and 6% were the most effective, with reduced germination percentage, time, and speed”
t0“Amaranthus viridis”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher oil doses reduced chlorophyll and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus viridisAmaranthus viridist0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic capacitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic capacity”
t0“Amaranthus viridis”
Claim · model-written summary
Oil increased electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus viridisAmaranthus viridist0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased electrolyte leakage”
t0“Amaranthus viridis”
Claim · model-written summary
Oil produced necrosis and anatomical damage.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus viridisAmaranthus viridist0
- Outcome
- leaf necrosis, and severe anatomical damagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf necrosis, and severe anatomical damages”
t0“Amaranthus viridis”
Claim · model-written summary
Field 6% oil caused necrosis and faster total wilting than herbicide.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus viridisAmaranthus viridist0
- Treatment
- 6% of EOe0
- Outcome
- severe necrosis and total wiltinge0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- herbicidee0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the field, 6% of EO caused severe necrosis and total wilting in a shorter period than the herbicide.”
t0“Amaranthus viridis”
Claim · model-written summary
Germinative phase was more sensitive to oil than established plants.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus viridisAmaranthus viridist0
- Outcome
- higher sensitivitye0
- Value
- 2.11–3.09%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EC₅₀ showed higher sensitivity to the EO in the germinative phase (EC₅₀=2.11–3.09%) compared to already established plants (EC₅₀=2.57–5.52%).”
t0“Amaranthus viridis”