Abstract
Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is a perennial woody shrub, native to the tropical and sub-tropical zones of the Americas. It is now a major weed in many regions of the Palaeotropics, invading both natural and agricultural ecosystems. It was the first weed ever targeted for classical biological control at the turn of the century, and since then 36 insect species have been released in 33 countries throughout the exotic range. Despite these efforts, control of the weed has generally been disappointing. One of the main reasons for this, is the genetic diversity of the weedy types that have invaded the exotic range following horticultural “improvement”, including crossing with other Lantana species, resulting in a species complex. Many of these cultivars have proved to be highly invasive; in Australia alone 29 are recorded. In general, the insect agents released have a restricted host range within this complex, and, in addition, the weed is able to tolerate wider climatic and geographical areas. In the last decade, evidence of a conspicuous and damaging mycobiota on lantana in the Neotropics, has tempted protagonists of biological control to consider fungi as potential agents. In Hawaii, a Septoria sp. from Ecuador was released in 1997, whilst in South Africa, neotropical isolates of Mycovellosiella lantanae (Chupp) Deighton are currently being screened. In Australia, the Department of Natural Resources, Queensland has commissioned CABI Bioscience to investigate the potential of a sub-tropical rust pathogen, Prospodium tuberculatum (Speg.) Arthur (ex Brazil). Glasshouse results show that the agent is highly host specific (50 non-target species tested), and is pathogenic to two of the major Australian biotypes (Pink and Pink-edged red). It is envisaged that this isolate will be released in Queensland in 2000. Two other pathogens show promise: Puccinia lantanae (Farlow) Lindquist and Ceratobasidium lantanae-camarae Evans, Barreto and Ellison (web-blight). Preliminary work has started on a Peruvian isolate of the rust, and initial evidence indicates that it is able to infect a wider number of weedy cultivars and it is significantly more damaging to the target plant, causing cankering and stem die-back, than Prospodium. Moreover, it would complement the supposed geographic range of Prospodium because of its tropical rather than sub-tropical origins.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Control of Lantana with released insect agents has generally been disappointing.
- Taxon
- Lantana camara
_mit_Insekt.jpg?width=60)
Lantana camarat0 - Outcome
- control of the weede0
- Direction
- disappointinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_mit_Insekt.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Lantana camara”
e0“Despite these efforts, control of the weed has generally been disappointing.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute limited control partly to genetic diversity of invasive Lantana types after horticultural crossing.
- Taxon
- Lantana camaraLantana camarat0
- Outcome
- species complexe0
- Qualifier
- genetic diversity of the weedy typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lantana camara”
e0“One of the main reasons for this, is the genetic diversity of the weedy types that have invaded the exotic range following horticultural “improvement”, including crossing with other Lantana species, resulting in a species complex.”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect agents generally have restricted host ranges within the Lantana complex.
- Taxon
- Lantana camaraLantana camarat0
- Interactor
- insect agentse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- restricted host rangee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lantana camara”
e0“the insect agents released have a restricted host range within this complex”
Claim · model-written summary
A damaging mycobiota was observed on Lantana in the Neotropics.
LantanaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lantana camara”
e0“evidence of a conspicuous and damaging mycobiota on lantana in the Neotropics”
Claim · model-written summary
Glasshouse tests found Prospodium tuberculatum highly host specific across 50 non-target species.
- Taxon
- Lantana camaraLantana camarat0
- Interactor
- Prospodium tuberculatumProspodium tuberculatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- highly host specifice0
- Value
- 50 non-target speciese0
- Setting
- Glasshousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lantana camara”
e0“a sub-tropical rust pathogen, Prospodium tuberculatum (Speg.) Arthur (ex Brazil). Glasshouse results show that the agent is highly host specific (50 non-target species tested)”
Claim · model-written summary
Prospodium tuberculatum was pathogenic to the Pink and Pink-edged red Australian Lantana biotypes.
- Taxon
- Lantana camaraLantana camarat0
- Material
- Pink and Pink-edged rede0
- Interactor
- Prospodium tuberculatumProspodium tuberculatume1pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenic to two of the major Australian biotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lantana camara”
e0“the agent is highly host specific (50 non-target species tested), and is pathogenic to two of the major Australian biotypes (Pink and Pink-edged red).”
e1“a sub-tropical rust pathogen, Prospodium tuberculatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Preliminary evidence indicates that a Peruvian rust isolate infects more weedy Lantana cultivars than Prospodium.
- Taxon
- Lantana camaraLantana camarat0
- Interactor
- Puccinia lantanaePuccinia lantanaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- infect a wider number of weedy cultivarse0
- Direction
- widere0
- Qualifier
- initial evidencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lantana camara”
e0“Preliminary work has started on a Peruvian isolate of the rust, and initial evidence indicates that it is able to infect a wider number of weedy cultivars”
e1“Puccinia lantanae (Farlow) Lindquist”
Claim · model-written summary
The Peruvian rust isolate caused significantly more Lantana damage, including cankering and stem die-back, than Prospodium.
- Taxon
- Lantana camaraLantana camarat0
- Interactor
- Puccinia lantanaePuccinia lantanaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- damaging to the target plant, causing cankering and stem die-backe0
- Direction
- more damaginge0
- Comparator
- Prospodiume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lantana camara”
e0“it is significantly more damaging to the target plant, causing cankering and stem die-back, than Prospodium.”
e1“Puccinia lantanae (Farlow) Lindquist”