Claim · model-written summary
Gunnera is a gynomonoecious clonal perennial herb naturalized in Britain and invasive in Ireland and Scotland.
Verbatim
e0“G unnera tinctoria is a gynomonoecious, clonal, perennial herb that is naturalized in parts of B ritain, becoming invasive in parts of Ireland and, more recently, Scotland.”
Title
Biological Flora of theBritishIsles:Gunnera tinctoria
Margherita Gioria; Bruce A. Osborne Journal of Ecology 2012. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12022
Other claims from this paper (13)
- Observation Gunnera occurs where winters are mild and precipitation and humidity are high.
- Observation Gunnera is native predominantly to Andean Chile and Colombia and possibly Argentina.
- Observation Typical habitats include water margins, coastal cliffs and disturbed areas.
- Observation Gunnera occurs on varied soils and rarely colonizes peat.
- Observation Gunnera is susceptible to mild water deficits, while seedlings are sensitive to waterlogging.
- Observation Gunnera produces many seeds and spreads clonally by rhizomes.
- Observation Gunnera is wind pollinated, with insect pollination reported in New Zealand.
- Observation Gunnera seed is likely dispersed by water or birds.
- Observation In its invasive range, Gunnera can form a persistent soil seed bank.
- Mechanism Seed recruitment appears important for establishment, while vegetative propagation drives expansion.
- Mechanism Long-distance seed dispersal appears central to colonization of new areas.
- Observation Gunnera is a strong competitor in wet, humid invasive environments.
- Mechanism Its competitive ability is attributed partly to stature, persistent propagules and nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Nostoc.