By interacting organism › Animals › Icteridae › Agelaius phoeniceus

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Red-winged Blackbird was among the most frequently identified knotweed nesters.

Taxon: knotweedt0
Interactor: Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)Agelaius phoeniceuse0other
Outcome: most frequently identifiede0

Verbatim

e0
“Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) were the most frequently identified”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 977–1097

t0
“knotweed”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–32

Title

Bird nesting habitat in knotweed ( Polygonum cuspidatum s.l.) in North America and beyond

Erik Kiviat; Christopher J. Whelan; Michelle L. Haviland The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 2025. doi:10.1080/15594491.2025.2494359

Other claims from this paper (10)

Observation Fifty knotweed stands in the northeastern USA held 64 nests of nine bird species.
Observation Volunteer observations reported 19 bird species nesting in knotweed across the northern USA and southern Canada.
Observation Dense knotweed foliage concealed nests during breeding season.
Observation Many nests were found after leaf fall.
Observation North American knotweed nesters included two nonpasserines and 16 passerines.
Observation Gray Catbird was among the most frequently identified knotweed nesters.
Observation The shortest knotweed plant with a nest was 2.2 m tall.
Observation Knotweed stands with nests ranged from 2 m2 to 10,000 m2.
Recommendation The authors recommend knotweed management in August or later after most songbirds breed.
Recommendation The authors alternatively recommend winter or early spring cane removal followed by treating new shoots in May.

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Abundances of red-winged blackbirds were negatively associated with percent cover by litter and by grass.

Taxon: grasse4
Treatment: percent cover by litter and by grasse4
Interactor: red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)Agelaius phoeniceuse4other
Outcome: Abundancese4
Direction: negatively associatede4

Verbatim

e4
“Abundances of 3 ubiquitous species varied and were correlated with at least 1 characteristic; red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were negatively associated with percent cover by litter and by grass, whereas eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) and grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savan- narum) were negatively associated with vegetation density”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 917–1272

e0
“Eurasian grasses such as tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 469–527

Title

Grassland vegetation and bird abundances on reclaimed midwestern coal mines

Peter E. Scott; Travis L. DeVault; Robb A. Bajema; et al. Wildlife Society Bulletin 2016

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Anthraquinone sprayed on the backs of sunflower heads reduced damage by caged red-winged blackbirds.

Taxon: SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
Treatment: AQ sprayed onto the backs of sunflower headse0
Interactor: red-winged blackbirdsAgelaius phoeniceuse0herbivore
Outcome: damagee0
Direction: reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Studies using caged red-winged blackbirds showed that AQ sprayed onto the backs of sunflower heads reduced damage”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 673–786

t0
“Sunflower”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 92–101

Title

Effectiveness of Foliar Applications of 9,10-Anthraquinone for Reducing Blackbird Damage to Sunflower

George Linz; Scott Werner; Megan Niner; et al. Proceedings - Vertebrate Pest Conference 2014. doi:10.5070/v426110671

Other claims from this paper (1)

Observation Field trials with aerial and ground sprayers gave inconclusive results for sunflower damage.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Blackbirds discriminated treated from untreated rice for all repellents tested.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: treated ricee0
Interactor: Agelaius phoeniceusAgelaius phoeniceuse0herbivore
Outcome: red‐winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus ) discriminatede0
Comparator: untreatede0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0
“For all repellents tested, red‐winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus ) discriminated between untreated and treated rice during preference testing in captivity”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 500–660

Title

Blackbird Repellency of Selected Registered Pesticides

SCOTT J. WERNER; JOHN L. CUMMINGS; SHELAGH K. TUPPER; et al. Journal of Wildlife Management 2008. doi:10.2193/2007-366

Other claims from this paper (13)

Association Dividend Extreme concentration showed a positive repellency response.
Association Karate concentration showed a positive repellency response.
Association Tilt concentration showed a positive repellency response.
Intervention effect At 100% Tilt label rate, blackbirds ate 32% less rice than before treatment.
Intervention effect At 200% Tilt label rate, blackbirds ate 69% less rice than before treatment.
Intervention effect Dividend Extreme reached 55% maximum repellency at 200% label rate.
Intervention effect Karate reached 55% maximum repellency at 200% label rate.
Intervention effect Apron plus Maxim showed no repellency over 25–200% label rates.
Intervention effect Field rice harvest mass did not differ between Tilt-treated and untreated subplots.
Observation Propiconazole residue averaged 12.3 μg/g after the first application.
Observation Propiconazole residue averaged 20.2 μ g/g after the second application.
Observation Propiconazole residues fell below 0.1 μ g/g before blackbirds entered plots.
Intervention effect Label-rate Tilt did not reduce blackbird consumption of maturing field rice.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Four percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 58% versus untreated achenes.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
Treatment: 4%e0
Interactor: red-winged blackbirdsAgelaius phoeniceuse2herbivore
Outcome: feedinge0
Direction: reducede0
Value: 58%e0
Qualifier: garlic oile0
Comparator: untreated achenese0

Verbatim

e0
“sunflower achenes treated with 4% and 12% w/w garlic oil reduced feeding by 58% and 97%, respectively, compared to untreated achenes”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1507–1639

e1
“caged RWBL”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1481–1491

e2
“red-winged blackbirds (RWBL)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 770–798

Title

Evaluation of Caffeine and Garlic Oil as Bird Repellents

George M. Linz; H. Jeffrey Homan; Linda B. Penry; et al. Lincoln (University of Nebraska) 2007

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Twelve percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 97% versus untreated achenes.
Intervention effect Two percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 80%.
Intervention effect One percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 40%.
Intervention effect Half percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 22%.
Intervention effect Caffeine at 0.25% reduced blackbird feeding by 17%.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Twelve percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 97% versus untreated achenes.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
Treatment: 12% w/w garlic oile0
Interactor: red-winged blackbirdsAgelaius phoeniceuse1herbivore
Outcome: feedinge0
Direction: reducede0
Value: 97%e0
Comparator: untreated achenese0

Verbatim

e0
“sunflower achenes treated with 4% and 12% w/w garlic oil reduced feeding by 58% and 97%, respectively, compared to untreated achenes”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1507–1639

e1
“red-winged blackbirds (RWBL)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 770–798

Title

Evaluation of Caffeine and Garlic Oil as Bird Repellents

George M. Linz; H. Jeffrey Homan; Linda B. Penry; et al. Lincoln (University of Nebraska) 2007

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Four percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 58% versus untreated achenes.
Intervention effect Two percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 80%.
Intervention effect One percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 40%.
Intervention effect Half percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 22%.
Intervention effect Caffeine at 0.25% reduced blackbird feeding by 17%.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Two percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 80%.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
Treatment: 2%e0
Interactor: red-winged blackbirdsAgelaius phoeniceuse2herbivore
Outcome: feedinge0
Direction: reducede0
Value: 80%e0
Qualifier: garlic oile0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Treatments of 2%, 1%, and 0.5% w/w garlic oil reduced feeding by 80%, 40%, and 22%, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1758–1854

e1
“sunflower achenes”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1507–1524

e2
“red-winged blackbirds (RWBL)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 770–798

Title

Evaluation of Caffeine and Garlic Oil as Bird Repellents

George M. Linz; H. Jeffrey Homan; Linda B. Penry; et al. Lincoln (University of Nebraska) 2007

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Four percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 58% versus untreated achenes.
Intervention effect Twelve percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 97% versus untreated achenes.
Intervention effect One percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 40%.
Intervention effect Half percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 22%.
Intervention effect Caffeine at 0.25% reduced blackbird feeding by 17%.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

One percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 40%.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
Treatment: 1%e0
Interactor: red-winged blackbirdsAgelaius phoeniceuse2herbivore
Outcome: feedinge0
Direction: reducede0
Value: 40%e0
Qualifier: garlic oile0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Treatments of 2%, 1%, and 0.5% w/w garlic oil reduced feeding by 80%, 40%, and 22%, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1758–1854

e1
“sunflower achenes”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1507–1524

e2
“red-winged blackbirds (RWBL)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 770–798

Title

Evaluation of Caffeine and Garlic Oil as Bird Repellents

George M. Linz; H. Jeffrey Homan; Linda B. Penry; et al. Lincoln (University of Nebraska) 2007

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Four percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 58% versus untreated achenes.
Intervention effect Twelve percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 97% versus untreated achenes.
Intervention effect Two percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 80%.
Intervention effect Half percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 22%.
Intervention effect Caffeine at 0.25% reduced blackbird feeding by 17%.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Half percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 22%.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
Treatment: 0.5% w/w garlic oile0
Interactor: red-winged blackbirdsAgelaius phoeniceuse2herbivore
Outcome: feedinge0
Direction: reducede0
Value: 22%e0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Treatments of 2%, 1%, and 0.5% w/w garlic oil reduced feeding by 80%, 40%, and 22%, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1758–1854

e1
“sunflower achenes”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1507–1524

e2
“red-winged blackbirds (RWBL)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 770–798

Title

Evaluation of Caffeine and Garlic Oil as Bird Repellents

George M. Linz; H. Jeffrey Homan; Linda B. Penry; et al. Lincoln (University of Nebraska) 2007

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Four percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 58% versus untreated achenes.
Intervention effect Twelve percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 97% versus untreated achenes.
Intervention effect Two percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 80%.
Intervention effect One percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 40%.
Intervention effect Caffeine at 0.25% reduced blackbird feeding by 17%.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Caffeine at 0.25% reduced blackbird feeding by 17%.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse2
Treatment: 0.25% w/we0
Interactor: red-winged blackbirdsAgelaius phoeniceuse3herbivore
Outcome: feedinge0
Direction: reducede0
Value: 17%e0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“feeding was reduced by 17% at 0.25% w/w”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1904–1943

e1
“experiments with caffeine”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1863–1888

e2
“sunflower achenes”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1507–1524

e3
“red-winged blackbirds (RWBL)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 770–798

Title

Evaluation of Caffeine and Garlic Oil as Bird Repellents

George M. Linz; H. Jeffrey Homan; Linda B. Penry; et al. Lincoln (University of Nebraska) 2007

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Four percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 58% versus untreated achenes.
Intervention effect Twelve percent garlic oil reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on sunflower achenes by 97% versus untreated achenes.
Intervention effect Two percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 80%.
Intervention effect One percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 40%.
Intervention effect Half percent garlic oil reduced blackbird feeding by 22%.

Agelaius phoeniceus 26 claims

26 claims