Abstract
We examined the molecular phylogeny and chromosomal features of European Helictotrichon species to explore the relationships within the genus and to investigate the origin of several polyploids. Using both approaches, molecular and cytogenetic, revealed the strong impact of allopolyploidization on genome organization from chromosome structure to sequence level. Our research focused on Mediterranean and endemic species of the Alps. Altogether, the molecular phylogenetic analyses include a sample of 17 Helictotrichon species and subspecies, used DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal (nr) internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the single copy gene topoisomerase 6 (Topo6), and were analysed by maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. Karyotype structures were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and fluorochrome banding. Cytogenetic characters were mapped on the combined phylogenetic tree. The absence or comparatively rare occurrence of different ITS sequence types in some (allo-) polyploid species of Helictotrichon suggests frequent intergenomic homogenization of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci due to the phenomenon of concerted evolution. This result implies that the ITS region is not an ideal marker to study polyploid evolution of these grasses. The phylogenetic analysis of the Topo6 region revealed three major clades that concur with three different copy types (termed SAR, SET, PAR), representing the major genome groups in Helictotrichon. A comparison of the molecular phylogenetic trees with the chromosome and karyotype structure supports allopolyploidy of several Helictotrichon species and identifies potential genome donors. A correlation between molecular phylogenetic/cytogenetic results and geographic distribution is expressed by a west-east disjunction, in the narrower or wider sense, of the analysed species. While SAR represents a geographically narrowly distributed southwest Mediterranean genome group, PAR and SET are very widespread (Mediterranean to Asia) and encompass several instances of west-east disjunctions.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Absence or rare occurrence of different ITS sequence types in polyploid Helictotrichon suggests frequent rDNA homogenization by concerted evolution.
- Taxon
- Helictotrichon
Helictotrichone0 - Gene
- ribosomal DNAe1
- Outcome
- occurrence of different ITS sequence typese1
- Qualifier
- concerted evolutione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We examined the molecular phylogeny and chromosomal features of European Helictotrichon species to explore the relationships within the genus and to investigate the origin of several polyploids”
e1“The absence or comparatively rare occurrence of different ITS sequence types in some (allo-) polyploid species of Helictotrichon suggests frequent intergenomic homogenization of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci due to the phenomenon of concerted evolution”
Claim · model-written summary
The ITS region is not an ideal marker for studying polyploid evolution of these grasses.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“We examined the molecular phylogeny and chromosomal features of European Helictotrichon species to explore the relationships within the genus and to investigate the origin of several polyploids”
e2“This result implies that the ITS region is not an ideal marker to study polyploid evolution of these grasses”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic analysis of the Topo6 region revealed three major clades that concur with three copy types (SAR, SET, PAR).
- Taxon
- HelictotrichonHelictotrichone0
- Gene
- Topo6e3
- Outcome
- three major cladese3
- Qualifier
- SAR, SET, PARe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We examined the molecular phylogeny and chromosomal features of European Helictotrichon species to explore the relationships within the genus and to investigate the origin of several polyploids”
e3“The phylogenetic analysis of the Topo6 region revealed three major clades that concur with three different copy types (termed SAR, SET, PAR), representing the major genome groups in Helictotrichon”
Claim · model-written summary
Comparison of molecular phylogenetic trees with chromosome and karyotype structure supports allopolyploidy of several Helictotrichon species.
- Taxon
- HelictotrichonHelictotrichone0
- Outcome
- allopolyploidy of several Helictotrichon speciese4
- Qualifier
- chromosome and karyotype structuree4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We examined the molecular phylogeny and chromosomal features of European Helictotrichon species to explore the relationships within the genus and to investigate the origin of several polyploids”
e4“A comparison of the molecular phylogenetic trees with the chromosome and karyotype structure supports allopolyploidy of several Helictotrichon species and identifies potential genome donors”
Claim · model-written summary
The SAR genome group is geographically narrowly distributed in the southwest Mediterranean.
- Taxon
- HelictotrichonHelictotrichone0
- Material
- SARe5
- Outcome
- SARe5
- Qualifier
- geographically narrowly distributed southwest Mediterranean genome groupe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We examined the molecular phylogeny and chromosomal features of European Helictotrichon species to explore the relationships within the genus and to investigate the origin of several polyploids”
e5“While SAR represents a geographically narrowly distributed southwest Mediterranean genome group, PAR and SET are very widespread (Mediterranean to Asia) and encompass several instances of west-east disjunctions”
Claim · model-written summary
The PAR and SET genome groups are very widespread, from the Mediterranean to Asia.
- Taxon
- HelictotrichonHelictotrichone0
- Material
- PAR and SETe5
- Outcome
- PAR and SETe5
- Qualifier
- very widespread (Mediterranean to Asia)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We examined the molecular phylogeny and chromosomal features of European Helictotrichon species to explore the relationships within the genus and to investigate the origin of several polyploids”
e5“While SAR represents a geographically narrowly distributed southwest Mediterranean genome group, PAR and SET are very widespread (Mediterranean to Asia) and encompass several instances of west-east disjunctions”
Claim · model-written summary
The PAR and SET genome groups encompass several instances of west-east disjunctions.
- Taxon
- HelictotrichonHelictotrichone0
- Material
- PAR and SETe5
- Outcome
- instances of west-east disjunctionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We examined the molecular phylogeny and chromosomal features of European Helictotrichon species to explore the relationships within the genus and to investigate the origin of several polyploids”
e5“While SAR represents a geographically narrowly distributed southwest Mediterranean genome group, PAR and SET are very widespread (Mediterranean to Asia) and encompass several instances of west-east disjunctions”
Claim · model-written summary
Molecular phylogenetic and cytogenetic results correlate with geographic distribution, expressed as a west-east disjunction of the analysed species.
- Taxon
- HelictotrichonHelictotrichone0
- Treatment
- molecular phylogenetic/cytogenetic resultse6
- Outcome
- geographic distributione6
- Qualifier
- west-east disjunctione6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We examined the molecular phylogeny and chromosomal features of European Helictotrichon species to explore the relationships within the genus and to investigate the origin of several polyploids”
e6“A correlation between molecular phylogenetic/cytogenetic results and geographic distribution is expressed by a west-east disjunction, in the narrower or wider sense, of the analysed species”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined molecular and cytogenetic approaches revealed a strong impact of allopolyploidization on genome organization, from chromosome structure to sequence level.
- Taxon
- HelictotrichonHelictotrichone0
- Outcome
- genome organizatione7
- Qualifier
- strong impact of allopolyploidizatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We examined the molecular phylogeny and chromosomal features of European Helictotrichon species to explore the relationships within the genus and to investigate the origin of several polyploids”
e7“Using both approaches, molecular and cytogenetic, revealed the strong impact of allopolyploidization on genome organization from chromosome structure to sequence level”