Abstract
The transgenic pollen spread is the main pathway of transgenic plant gene flow. The maximum distance of pollen dispersal (horizontal), the spatial dynamics of pollen movement (vertical), and the patterns of pollen dispersal are important considerations in biosafety assessments of genetically modified crops. To evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum) pollen dispersal, we measured the pollen suspension velocity and analyzed pollen dispersal patterns under natural conditions in the Huanghuai River wheat-growing region in 2009. The pollen suspension velocity was 0.3-0.4 m/s. The highest pollen densities were detected in the north, northwest, and south of the pollen source. Pollen was dispersed over distances greater than 245 m in the northwest and northeast directions. At the pollen source center, pollen density decreased with increasing vertical height. In the north of the pollen source, the pollen density from 65 m to 225 m showed a wave-mode decrease with increasing height. The horizontal transport of pollen over longer distances fitted polynomial equations. In the north, the pollen density was highest at 45 m from the pollen source, and decreased with increasing distance. In the northwest, the pollen density showed a double-peak trend. In the northeast, pollen density was highest from 45 m to 125 m from the source. Wind speeds greater than the pollen suspension velocity and the duration of continuous gusts were the main factors affecting pollen dispersal. This information will be useful for determining the spatial isolation distances for hybrid seed production and for the commercial production of transgenic wheat.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat pollen suspension velocity was 0.3-0.4 m/s.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- pollen suspension velocitye0
- Value
- 0.3-0.4 m/se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pollen suspension velocity was 0.3-0.4 m/s.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest pollen densities occurred north, northwest and south of the source.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- pollen densitiese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- north, northwest, and south of the pollen sourcee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest pollen densities were detected in the north, northwest, and south of the pollen source.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat pollen dispersed more than 245 m northwest and northeast.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Pollen was dispersede0
- Value
- greater than 245 me0
- Setting
- northwest and northeast directionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pollen was dispersed over distances greater than 245 m in the northwest and northeast directions.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At the source center, pollen density decreased with vertical height.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- pollen densitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- increasing vertical heighte0
- Setting
- pollen source centere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the pollen source center, pollen density decreased with increasing vertical height.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
North of the source, pollen density from 65 to 225 m decreased with height in a wave pattern.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- pollen densitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 65 m to 225 me0
- Comparator
- increasing heighte0
- Setting
- north of the pollen sourcee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the north of the pollen source, the pollen density from 65 m to 225 m showed a wave-mode decrease with increasing height.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-distance horizontal pollen transport fitted polynomial equations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- horizontal transport of pollen over longer distances fitted polynomial equationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The horizontal transport of pollen over longer distances fitted polynomial equations.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
North of the source, pollen density peaked 45 m away and then fell with distance.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the north, the pollen density was highest at 45 m from the pollen source, and decreased with increasing distance.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Northwest pollen density had a double-peak pattern.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- pollen density showed a double-peak trende0
- Setting
- northweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the northwest, the pollen density showed a double-peak trend.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Northeast pollen density was highest 45 to 125 m from the source.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- pollen densitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 45 m to 125 me0
- Setting
- northeaste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the northeast, pollen density was highest from 45 m to 125 m from the source.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wind speed above suspension velocity and gust duration were the main factors associated with dispersal.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- pollen dispersale0
- Comparator
- Wind speeds greater than the pollen suspension velocity and the duration of continuous gustse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wind speeds greater than the pollen suspension velocity and the duration of continuous gusts were the main factors affecting pollen dispersal.”
t0“wheat”