Abstract
The variation of glucosinolates (GSLs) in Chinese cabbage ('Sinhongssam') (Brassica rapa L. spp. pekinensis) cultivated under lights to control plant growth conditions was evaluated at different development stages. Under experimental conditions in plant factory system, plant growth conditions including light, temperature, and nutrients were designed to enhance GSLs. The variation of glucosinolates (GSLs) in Chinese cabbage ('Sinhongssam') (Brassica rapa L. spp. pekinensis) cultivated under lights to control plant growth conditions was evaluated at different development stages. Under experimental conditions in plant factory system, plant growth conditions including light, temperature, and nutrients were designed to enhance GSLs. The contents of GSLs were quantified in Chinese cabbage according to different light sources (Red+White, RW; Red+Blue+White, RBW, Fluorescence lamp, FL) at development stages (28, 42, and 56 days after sowing, DAS) using HPLC. Nine GSLs including five aliphatic (progoitrin, sinigrin, glucoalyssin, gluconapin, and glucobrassicanapin) three indolyl (glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and neoglucobrassicin), and one aromatic (gluconasturtiin) GSLs were identified based on peak retention time in previous results of our laboratory. GSL contents were higher in RBW (36.55) and lower in FL ($15.24{\mu}mol/g/\;DW$). Results revealed that GSL contents were higher under controlled photoperiods (20/4 h) ($58.35{\mu}mol/g\;DW$) and controlled light intensity ($160{\mu}mol/m^2/s$) ($34.02{\mu}mol/g\;DW$), respectively. Lower amount of progoitrin and comparatively higher amount of glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin was noted in Chinese cabbage cultivated under FL light (2.38, 9.82, and 2.10) at 42 DAS, photoperiod 20/4 h (3.16, 2.52, and 1.30) at 28 DAS, and light intensity at $130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ (2.28, 2.24, and $1.51{\mu}mol/g\;DW$) at 42 DAS. Therefore FL light, photoperiod (20/4 h), and light intensity ($130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$) were considered as most suitable for the enhancement of GSLs in Chinese cabbage.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Nine glucosinolates were identified in Chinese cabbage.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbage
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1 - Outcome
- Nine GSLse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nine GSLs including five aliphatic (progoitrin, sinigrin, glucoalyssin, gluconapin, and glucobrassicanapin) three indolyl (glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and neoglucobrassicin), and one aromatic (gluconasturtiin) GSLs were identified”
e1“GSLs were quantified in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
GSL content was higher under RBW light at 36.55.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- RBWe0
- Outcome
- GSL contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 36.55e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSL contents were higher in RBW (36.55)”
e1“GSLs were quantified in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
GSL content was lower under FL light at 15.24.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- FLe0
- Outcome
- GSL contentse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- $15.24{\mu}mol/g/\;DW$e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSL contents were higher in RBW (36.55) and lower in FL ($15.24{\mu}mol/g/\;DW$)”
e1“GSLs were quantified in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
GSL content was higher under a 20/4 h photoperiod.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- controlled photoperiods (20/4 h)e0
- Outcome
- GSL contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- $58.35{\mu}mol/g\;DW$e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSL contents were higher under controlled photoperiods (20/4 h) ($58.35{\mu}mol/g\;DW$)”
e1“GSLs were quantified in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
GSL content was higher at the reported light intensity of 160 micromoles per square metre per second.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- controlled light intensity ($160{\mu}mol/m^2/s$)e0
- Outcome
- GSL contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- $34.02{\mu}mol/g\;DW$e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that GSL contents were higher under controlled photoperiods (20/4 h) ($58.35{\mu}mol/g\;DW$) and controlled light intensity ($160{\mu}mol/m^2/s$) ($34.02{\mu}mol/g\;DW$)”
e1“GSLs were quantified in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Under FL light at 42 DAS, progoitrin was comparatively low at 2.38.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Organ / stage
- 42 DASe0
- Treatment
- FL lighte0
- Outcome
- progoitrine0
- Direction
- Lowere0
- Value
- 2.38e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower amount of progoitrin and comparatively higher amount of glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin was noted in Chinese cabbage cultivated under FL light (2.38, 9.82, and 2.10) at 42 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Under FL light at 42 DAS, glucobrassicin was comparatively higher at 9.82.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Organ / stage
- 42 DASe0
- Treatment
- FL lighte0
- Outcome
- glucobrassicine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 9.82e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“comparatively higher amount of glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin was noted in Chinese cabbage cultivated under FL light (2.38, 9.82, and 2.10) at 42 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Under FL light at 42 DAS, gluconasturtiin was comparatively higher at 2.10.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Organ / stage
- 42 DASe0
- Treatment
- FL lighte0
- Outcome
- gluconasturtiine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.10e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“comparatively higher amount of glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin was noted in Chinese cabbage cultivated under FL light (2.38, 9.82, and 2.10) at 42 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
At a 20/4 h photoperiod and 28 DAS, progoitrin was comparatively low at 3.16.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Organ / stage
- 28 DASe0
- Treatment
- photoperiod 20/4 he0
- Outcome
- progoitrine0
- Direction
- Lowere0
- Value
- 3.16e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower amount of progoitrin and comparatively higher amount of glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin was noted in Chinese cabbage cultivated under FL light (2.38, 9.82, and 2.10) at 42 DAS, photoperiod 20/4 h (3.16, 2.52, and 1.30) at 28 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
At a 20/4 h photoperiod and 28 DAS, glucobrassicin was comparatively high at 2.52.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Organ / stage
- 28 DASe0
- Treatment
- photoperiod 20/4 he0
- Outcome
- glucobrassicine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.52e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower amount of progoitrin and comparatively higher amount of glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin was noted in Chinese cabbage cultivated under FL light (2.38, 9.82, and 2.10) at 42 DAS, photoperiod 20/4 h (3.16, 2.52, and 1.30) at 28 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
At a 20/4 h photoperiod and 28 DAS, gluconasturtiin was comparatively high at 1.30.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Organ / stage
- 28 DASe0
- Treatment
- photoperiod 20/4 he0
- Outcome
- gluconasturtiine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.30e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower amount of progoitrin and comparatively higher amount of glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin was noted in Chinese cabbage cultivated under FL light (2.38, 9.82, and 2.10) at 42 DAS, photoperiod 20/4 h (3.16, 2.52, and 1.30) at 28 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
At the reported light intensity and 42 DAS, progoitrin was comparatively low at 2.28.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Organ / stage
- 42 DASe0
- Treatment
- light intensity at $130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$e0
- Outcome
- progoitrine0
- Direction
- Lowere0
- Value
- 2.28e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower amount of progoitrin and comparatively higher amount of glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin was noted in Chinese cabbage cultivated under FL light (2.38, 9.82, and 2.10) at 42 DAS, photoperiod 20/4 h (3.16, 2.52, and 1.30) at 28 DAS, and light intensity at $130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ (2.28, 2.24, and $1.51{\mu}mol/g\;DW$) at 42 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
At the reported light intensity and 42 DAS, glucobrassicin was comparatively high at 2.24.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Organ / stage
- 42 DASe0
- Treatment
- light intensity at $130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$e0
- Outcome
- glucobrassicine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower amount of progoitrin and comparatively higher amount of glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin was noted in Chinese cabbage cultivated under FL light (2.38, 9.82, and 2.10) at 42 DAS, photoperiod 20/4 h (3.16, 2.52, and 1.30) at 28 DAS, and light intensity at $130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ (2.28, 2.24, and $1.51{\mu}mol/g\;DW$) at 42 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
At the reported light intensity and 42 DAS, gluconasturtiin was comparatively high at 1.51.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Organ / stage
- 42 DASe0
- Treatment
- light intensity at $130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$e0
- Outcome
- gluconasturtiine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- $1.51{\mu}mol/g\;DW$e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower amount of progoitrin and comparatively higher amount of glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin was noted in Chinese cabbage cultivated under FL light (2.38, 9.82, and 2.10) at 42 DAS, photoperiod 20/4 h (3.16, 2.52, and 1.30) at 28 DAS, and light intensity at $130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ (2.28, 2.24, and $1.51{\mu}mol/g\;DW$) at 42 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered FL light suitable for enhancing Chinese cabbage glucosinolates.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Treatment
- FL lighte0
- Outcome
- FL lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore FL light, photoperiod (20/4 h), and light intensity ($130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$) were considered as most suitable for the enhancement of GSLs in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered a 20/4 h photoperiod suitable for enhancing Chinese cabbage glucosinolates.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Outcome
- photoperiod (20/4 h)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore FL light, photoperiod (20/4 h), and light intensity ($130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$) were considered as most suitable for the enhancement of GSLs in Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered 130 micromoles per square metre per second suitable for enhancing Chinese cabbage glucosinolates.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Outcome
- light intensity ($130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore FL light, photoperiod (20/4 h), and light intensity ($130{\mu}mol/m^2/s$) were considered as most suitable for the enhancement of GSLs in Chinese cabbage”