Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are a class of compounds derived from sulfur (S) rich glucosinolate (GLS) precursors common in cruciferous vegetables, which have been shown to increase anti‐proliferative effects in cancer cell models. Research demonstrates that soil S can affect the amount of GLSs formed in the plant and consequently, potential ITC production. In this study we applied graded levels of gypsum, a particularly high source of S (11.6%), and measured its impact on GLSs in kale. Soil applications, completed over four weeks, totaled: 0.0 (control, C), 0.6 (T1), 1.2 (T2), 4.8 (T3), and 12.0 kg/m 2 gypsum (T4). Mature plants were lyophilized and then analyzed for GLSs and ITCs. Glucobrassicin, a notable GLS and precursor to indole‐3‐carbinol, was significantly greater in T3 and T4 (6.78 and 7.29 μmol/g) compared to C, T1, and T2 (4.97, 5.60, and 5.21 μmol/g, respectively). Neoglucobrassicin, another indolyl GLS, followed the same trend, in contrast to aliphatic GLSs which did not. In addition, once hydrolyzed with endogenous myrosinase, total ITC content of T4 was more than twice that of any other treatment, while T2 and T3 were only slightly greater than C. However, gypsum retarded growth and compromised seedling survival, indicating that further studies are needed to pinpoint the concentration and source of S that optimize GLS content and plant growth in cruciferous vegetables. Work supported by Standard Process, Inc.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Glucobrassicin was significantly greater in kale treated with T3 and T4 gypsum levels than in the control, T1 and T2.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise0 - Treatment
- T3 and T4e2
- Outcome
- Glucobrassicine2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- 6.78 and 7.29 μmol/ge2
- Comparator
- C, T1, and T2e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we applied graded levels of gypsum, a particularly high source of S (11.6%), and measured its impact on GLSs in kale”
e1“Soil applications, completed over four weeks, totaled: 0.0 (control, C), 0.6 (T1), 1.2 (T2), 4.8 (T3), and 12.0 kg/m 2 gypsum (T4)”
e2“Glucobrassicin, a notable GLS and precursor to indole‐3‐carbinol, was significantly greater in T3 and T4 (6.78 and 7.29 μmol/g) compared to C, T1, and T2 (4.97, 5.60, and 5.21 μmol/g, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neoglucobrassicin followed the same increasing trend under gypsum treatment as glucobrassicin.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- gypsume1
- Outcome
- Neoglucobrassicine3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Comparator
- C, T1, and T2e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we applied graded levels of gypsum, a particularly high source of S (11.6%), and measured its impact on GLSs in kale”
e1“Soil applications, completed over four weeks, totaled: 0.0 (control, C), 0.6 (T1), 1.2 (T2), 4.8 (T3), and 12.0 kg/m 2 gypsum (T4)”
e2“Glucobrassicin, a notable GLS and precursor to indole‐3‐carbinol, was significantly greater in T3 and T4 (6.78 and 7.29 μmol/g) compared to C, T1, and T2 (4.97, 5.60, and 5.21 μmol/g, respectively)”
e3“Neoglucobrassicin, another indolyl GLS, followed the same trend, in contrast to aliphatic GLSs which did not”
Claim · model-written summary
Aliphatic glucosinolates did not follow the increase seen for indolyl glucosinolates under gypsum treatment.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- gypsume1
- Outcome
- aliphatic GLSse3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we applied graded levels of gypsum, a particularly high source of S (11.6%), and measured its impact on GLSs in kale”
e1“Soil applications, completed over four weeks, totaled: 0.0 (control, C), 0.6 (T1), 1.2 (T2), 4.8 (T3), and 12.0 kg/m 2 gypsum (T4)”
e3“Neoglucobrassicin, another indolyl GLS, followed the same trend, in contrast to aliphatic GLSs which did not”
Claim · model-written summary
Total isothiocyanate content of T4 was more than twice that of any other treatment, once hydrolyzed with endogenous myrosinase.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- T4e4
- Outcome
- total ITC contente4
- Direction
- more than twicee4
- Qualifier
- once hydrolyzed with endogenous myrosinasee4
- Comparator
- any other treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we applied graded levels of gypsum, a particularly high source of S (11.6%), and measured its impact on GLSs in kale”
e4“In addition, once hydrolyzed with endogenous myrosinase, total ITC content of T4 was more than twice that of any other treatment, while T2 and T3 were only slightly greater than C”
Claim · model-written summary
Total isothiocyanate content of T2 and T3 was only slightly greater than the control, once hydrolyzed with endogenous myrosinase.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- T2 and T3e4
- Outcome
- total ITC contente4
- Direction
- only slightly greatere4
- Qualifier
- once hydrolyzed with endogenous myrosinasee4
- Comparator
- Ce4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we applied graded levels of gypsum, a particularly high source of S (11.6%), and measured its impact on GLSs in kale”
e4“In addition, once hydrolyzed with endogenous myrosinase, total ITC content of T4 was more than twice that of any other treatment, while T2 and T3 were only slightly greater than C”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum retarded the growth of kale.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- gypsume5
- Outcome
- growthe5
- Direction
- retardede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we applied graded levels of gypsum, a particularly high source of S (11.6%), and measured its impact on GLSs in kale”
e5“However, gypsum retarded growth and compromised seedling survival”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum compromised kale seedling survival.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- gypsume5
- Outcome
- seedling survivale5
- Direction
- compromisede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we applied graded levels of gypsum, a particularly high source of S (11.6%), and measured its impact on GLSs in kale”
e5“However, gypsum retarded growth and compromised seedling survival”
The same questions in other papers
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- no effect
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
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3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.