Abstract
Summary One mechanism explaining the success of invasive weeds may be the production and release of allelopathic compounds by the invader that, due to a lack of co‐evolutionary history, have harmful effects on plant neighbours in the introduced range. We partially tested this hypothesis by growing seven competing native European plant species either with the introduced Solidago canadensis s.l., one of the most successful invasive plants in Europe or on soil pre‐cultivated with S. canadensis . We added activated carbon to the soil to neutralize organic chemical compounds with putative allelopathic effects. Furthermore, we added unsterilized soil inocula from the introduced (Switzerland) or native (USA) range to the soil to test potential confounding effects of soil microbes on invasion success. Untreated sterilized soil served as control. Five out of the seven native species were more competitive against the invasive species in soils with activated carbon than without, supporting the allelopathy hypothesis. However, competitive outcomes were also influenced by the two sources of soil inoculum and by interactive effects of soil inoculum and Solidago origin suggesting that soil microbes alter allelopathic effects. Achillea millefolium , the species least affected by the presence of S. canadensis and with no response to the activated carbon treatment is the only species used in this experiment reported to grow within Solidago stands in Europe, whereas the other European species tested tend to grow at the periphery of invasive Solidago stands. Chemical analysis by LC‐MS of Solidago root extracts revealed four main secondary chemical compounds with potential allelopathic effects. Root exudates of Solidago showed a significant inhibitory effect on growth of the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana . The magnitude of inhibition increased with increasing concentration of the extract. Synthesis . Levels of the four compounds were lower in Solidago populations from the invasive range than in populations of the same ploidy level from the native range. This suggests lower investment of invasive plants into these secondary compounds, possibly because of a higher susceptibility of plant competitors in the invasive range to these substances.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Five native species competed better against Solidago with activated carbon.
Verbatim
e0“Five out of the seven native species were more competitive against the invasive species in soils with activated carbon than without”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil inoculum source and its interaction with Solidago origin influenced competition.
SolidagoNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“competitive outcomes were also influenced by the two sources of soil inoculum and by interactive effects of soil inoculum and Solidago origin”
Claim · model-written summary
Achillea showed the least response to Solidago presence and no activated carbon response.
- Taxon
- Achillea millefolium
Achillea millefoliume0 - Interactor
- S. canadensis
Solidago canadensise0weed - Outcome
- least affected by the presence of S. canadensis and with no response to the activated carbon treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Achillea millefolium , the species least affected by the presence of S. canadensis and with no response to the activated carbon treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Achillea was the only tested species reported within European Solidago stands.
- Taxon
- Achillea millefoliumAchillea millefoliumt0
- Outcome
- grow within Solidago standse0
- Setting
- Europee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the only species used in this experiment reported to grow within Solidago stands in Europe, whereas the other European species tested tend to grow at the periphery of invasive Solidago stands”
t0“Achillea millefolium”
Claim · model-written summary
Four potentially allelopathic compounds were identified in Solidago roots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chemical analysis by LC‐MS of Solidago root extracts revealed four main secondary chemical compounds with potential allelopathic effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Solidago root exudates inhibited Arabidopsis growth significantly.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- Root exudates of Solidagoe0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root exudates of Solidago showed a significant inhibitory effect on growth of the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth inhibition increased as Solidago extract concentration increased.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- concentration of the extracte0
- Outcome
- magnitude of inhibitione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The magnitude of inhibition increased with increasing concentration of the extract”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The four compounds were at lower levels in invasive than native Solidago populations of equal ploidy.
- Outcome
- Levels of the four compoundse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- populations of the same ploidy level from the native rangee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Levels of the four compounds were lower in Solidago populations from the invasive range than in populations of the same ploidy level from the native range”
The same questions in other papers
allelopathy · growth · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.