Abstract
As Ca2+ sensors and effectors, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play important roles in plant growth, development, and response to environmental cues. However, no CDPKs have been characterized in Capsicum annuum thus far. Herein, a genome wide comprehensive analysis of genes encoding CDPKs and CDPK-related protein kinases (CRKs) was performed in pepper, a total of 31 CDPK genes and five closely related kinase genes were identified, which were phylogenetically divided into four distinct subfamilies and unevenly distributed across nine chromosomes. Conserved sequence and exon-intron structures were found to be shared by pepper CDPKs within the same subfamily, and the expansion of the CDPK family in pepper was found to be due to segmental duplication events. Five CDPKs in the C. annuum variety CM334 were found to be mutated in the Chiltepin variety, and one CDPK present in CM334 was lost in Chiltepin. The majority of CDPK and CRK genes were expressed in different pepper tissues and developmental stages, and 10, 12, and 8 CDPK genes were transcriptionally modified by salt, heat, and Ralstonia solanacearum stresses, respectively. Furthermore, these genes were found to respond specifically to one stress as well as respond synergistically to two stresses or three stresses, suggesting that these CDPK genes might be involved in the specific or synergistic response of pepper to salt, heat, and R. solanacearum. Our results lay the foundation for future functional characterization of pepper CDPK and its closely related gene families.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Pepper contains 31 CDPK genes and five related kinase genes.
Verbatim
e0“in pepper, a total of 31 CDPK genes and five closely related kinase genes were identified”
Claim · model-written summary
The identified pepper kinase genes fall into four subfamilies and are unevenly distributed over nine chromosomes.
Verbatim
e0“which were phylogenetically divided into four distinct subfamilies and unevenly distributed across nine chromosomes”
e1“in pepper, a total of 31 CDPK genes and five closely related kinase genes were identified”
Claim · model-written summary
Pepper CDPKs in the same subfamily share conserved sequences and exon-intron structure.
Verbatim
e0“Conserved sequence and exon-intron structures were found to be shared by pepper CDPKs within the same subfamily”
Claim · model-written summary
Segmental duplication contributed to expansion of the pepper CDPK family.
Verbatim
e0“the expansion of the CDPK family in pepper was found to be due to segmental duplication events”
Claim · model-written summary
Five CDPKs in CM334 were mutated in Chiltepin.
Capsicum annuumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five CDPKs in the C. annuum variety CM334 were found to be mutated in the Chiltepin variety”
Claim · model-written summary
One CDPK present in CM334 was lost in Chiltepin.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“one CDPK present in CM334 was lost in Chiltepin”
e1“the C. annuum variety CM334”
Claim · model-written summary
Most CDPK and CRK genes were expressed across pepper tissues and developmental stages.
Verbatim
e0“The majority of CDPK and CRK genes were expressed in different pepper tissues and developmental stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt modified transcription of 10 pepper CDPK genes.
- Taxon
- peppere1
- Treatment
- salte0
- Gene
- CDPK genese0
- Outcome
- CDPK genes were transcriptionally modifiede0
- Value
- 10e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“10, 12, and 8 CDPK genes were transcriptionally modified by salt, heat, and Ralstonia solanacearum stresses, respectively”
e1“different pepper tissues and developmental stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat modified transcription of 12 pepper CDPK genes.
- Taxon
- peppere1
- Treatment
- heate0
- Gene
- CDPK genese0
- Outcome
- CDPK genes were transcriptionally modifiede0
- Value
- 12e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“10, 12, and 8 CDPK genes were transcriptionally modified by salt, heat, and Ralstonia solanacearum stresses, respectively”
e1“different pepper tissues and developmental stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Ralstonia solanacearum stress modified transcription of eight pepper CDPK genes.
- Taxon
- peppere1
- Treatment
- Ralstonia solanacearum stressese0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearum
Ralstonia solanacearume0pathogen - Gene
- CDPK genese0
- Outcome
- CDPK genes were transcriptionally modifiede0
- Value
- 8e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“10, 12, and 8 CDPK genes were transcriptionally modified by salt, heat, and Ralstonia solanacearum stresses, respectively”
e1“different pepper tissues and developmental stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Pepper CDPK genes responded specifically to one stress and synergistically to two or three stresses.
Verbatim
e0“these genes were found to respond specifically to one stress as well as respond synergistically to two stresses or three stresses”
e1“different pepper tissues and developmental stages”
e2“CDPK genes were transcriptionally modified”