Abstract
Eucalyptus species are considered to have ectomycorrhizas (ECM), but many also have vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) and their relative importance is unclear. Interactions between ECM and VAM fungi colonizing roots of Eucalyptus species were examined in a glasshouse experiment. This experiment investigated competition between these two types of fungi and compared benefits provided to Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla. Eucalyptus seedlings were inoculated with spores of the ECM fungus Laccaria lateritia and/or pot‐ culture soil for a VAM fungus (species of Glomus , Acaulospora or Scutellospora ). Initial inoculum levels were important, as VAM fungi became established much more rapidly than Laccaria . In plants with both types of mycorrhizas, Laccaria mycorrhizas substantially increased after 2 or 3 months and the proportion of roots with VAM declined. However, the proportion of roots with VAM also decreased significantly in plants without ECM after 2 months. Thus, the relative susceptibility of eucalypt roots to these mycorrhizal associations changed. Substantial growth responses to mycorrhizal inoculation occurred when a low concentration of phosphorus fertilization was used (5 mg kg −1 ), but not at a higher concentration (10 mg kg −1 ). Treatments where Laccaria was applied, alone or in combination with a VAM fungus, resulted in the largest growth increases relative to nonmycorrhizal plants. An Acaulospora isolate was the most effective VAM fungus for E. urophylla although other VAM fungi also increased growth relative to the control. VAM fungi alone had little effect on E. globulus growth, but plants inoculated with both ECM and VAM fungi were larger than plants only inoculated with Laccaria . ECM fungi had a major impact on root system form by reducing the proportion of fine roots (specific root length) relative to nonmycorrhizal plants or those with VAM. Changes in root colonization patterns over time must be considered in studies of ECM/VAM interactions, as there can be substantial changes in the relative importance of the two associations.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
VAM fungi established more rapidly than Laccaria.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus
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Eucalyptuse1 - Interactor
- VAM fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- VAM fungi became establishede0
- Direction
- more rapidlye0
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
LaccariaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
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Verbatim
e0“VAM fungi became established much more rapidly than Laccaria”
e1“Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Laccaria mycorrhizas increased after two or three months in dual colonized plants.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptuse1
- Outcome
- Laccaria mycorrhizase0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- after 2 or 3 monthse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laccaria mycorrhizas substantially increased after 2 or 3 months”
e1“Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
VAM root colonization declined in plants bearing both mycorrhizal types.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptuse1
- Interactor
- VAMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- proportion of roots with VAMe0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the proportion of roots with VAM declined”
e1“Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
VAM root colonization decreased after two months without ECM.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptuse1
- Interactor
- VAMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- proportion of roots with VAMe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the proportion of roots with VAM also decreased significantly in plants without ECM after 2 months”
e1“Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation increased growth at low phosphorus fertilization.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptuse1
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal inoculatione0
- Outcome
- growth responsese0
- Qualifier
- 5 mg kg −1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Substantial growth responses to mycorrhizal inoculation occurred when a low concentration of phosphorus fertilization was used (5 mg kg −1 )”
e1“Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation did not produce a growth response at higher phosphorus fertilization.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptuse1
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal inoculatione2
- Outcome
- growth responsese3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Qualifier
- 10 mg kg −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not at a higher concentration (10 mg kg −1 )”
e1“Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla”
e2“Substantial growth responses to mycorrhizal inoculation occurred when a low concentration of phosphorus fertilization was used (5 mg kg −1 )”
e3“Substantial growth responses to mycorrhizal inoculation occurred when a low concentration of phosphorus fertilization was used (5 mg kg −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Laccaria treatments gave the largest growth increases over nonmycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptuse1
- Treatment
- Laccaria was appliede0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- largest growth increasese0
- Comparator
- nonmycorrhizal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments where Laccaria was applied, alone or in combination with a VAM fungus, resulted in the largest growth increases relative to nonmycorrhizal plants”
e1“Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Acaulospora was the most effective VAM isolate for E. urophylla.
- Taxon
- E. urophylla
Eucalyptus urophyllae0 - Interactor
- AcaulosporaAcaulosporae0symbiont
- Outcome
- most effective VAM funguse0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An Acaulospora isolate was the most effective VAM fungus for E. urophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Other VAM fungi also increased E. urophylla growth over control.
- Taxon
- E. urophyllaEucalyptus urophyllae1
- Treatment
- VAM fungie0
- Interactor
- VAM fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“other VAM fungi also increased growth relative to the control”
e1“Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
VAM fungi alone had little effect on E. globulus growth.
- Taxon
- E. globulus
Eucalyptus globuluse0 - Treatment
- VAM fungie0
- Interactor
- VAM fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- E. globulus growthe0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VAM fungi alone had little effect on E. globulus growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation produced larger E. globulus plants than Laccaria alone.
- Taxon
- E. globulusEucalyptus globuluse1
- Treatment
- both ECM and VAM fungie0
- Interactor
- ECMe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- VAM fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- plantse0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- plants only inoculated with Laccariae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants inoculated with both ECM and VAM fungi were larger than plants only inoculated with Laccaria”
e1“E. globulus”
Claim · model-written summary
ECM reduced the proportion of fine roots relative to nonmycorrhizal or VAM plants.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptuse1
- Treatment
- ECM fungie0
- Interactor
- ECM fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- proportion of fine roots (specific root length)e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- nonmycorrhizal plants or those with VAMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ECM fungi had a major impact on root system form by reducing the proportion of fine roots (specific root length) relative to nonmycorrhizal plants or those with VAM”
e1“Eucalyptus globulus and E. urophylla”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.