Abstract
Annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) can be a troublesome weed to control in established turfgrass stands; it has developed herbicide resistance after repeated use of products with similar modes of action, and several new herbicides have been registered for use on turfgrasses. Four field studies were conducted near Clemson, S.C., from 2003 through 2005 to evaluate postemergence annual bluegrass control in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] turf using various herbicides applied in either December or February of each year and rated in the spring. Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February. Flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, glufosinate, glufosinate + clethodim, glufosinate + glyphosate, glyphosate + clethodim, glyphosate + diquat, pronamide, rimsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron provided 87% or greater annual bluegrass control regardless of application timing. Imazaquin and simazine controlled annual bluegrass greater than 85% when applied in December but less than 80% when applied in February. Glyphosate provided 93% annual bluegrass control when applied in February but only 72% control with December applications. No detrimental effects on bermudagrass spring greenup were observed for any herbicide treatment or application time. The availability of several effective herbicide options with differing modes of action provides turfgrass managers with the opportunity to use herbicide rotations that may prevent, or at least delay, the development of resistant annual bluegrass populations to these chemical products.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf with a wide range of products applied in December or February.
- Taxon
- bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylone1 - Treatment
- a wide range of productse1
- Interactor
- Annual bluegrasse1weed
- Outcome
- Annual bluegrass controle1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February”
Claim · model-written summary
Flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron and glufosinate provided 87% or greater annual bluegrass control regardless of application timing.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- Flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, glufosinatee2
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse2weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass controle2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- 87% or greatere2
- Qualifier
- regardless of application timinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February”
e2“Flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, glufosinate, glufosinate + clethodim, glufosinate + glyphosate, glyphosate + clethodim, glyphosate + diquat, pronamide, rimsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron provided 87% or greater annual bluegrass control regardless of application timing”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate with clethodim, glufosinate with glyphosate and glyphosate with clethodim provided 87% or greater annual bluegrass control regardless of application timing.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- glufosinate + clethodim, glufosinate + glyphosate, glyphosate + clethodime2
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse2weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass controle2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- 87% or greatere2
- Qualifier
- regardless of application timinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February”
e2“Flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, glufosinate, glufosinate + clethodim, glufosinate + glyphosate, glyphosate + clethodim, glyphosate + diquat, pronamide, rimsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron provided 87% or greater annual bluegrass control regardless of application timing”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate with diquat, pronamide and rimsulfuron provided 87% or greater annual bluegrass control regardless of application timing.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- glyphosate + diquat, pronamide, rimsulfurone2
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse2weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass controle2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- 87% or greatere2
- Qualifier
- regardless of application timinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February”
e2“Flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, glufosinate, glufosinate + clethodim, glufosinate + glyphosate, glyphosate + clethodim, glyphosate + diquat, pronamide, rimsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron provided 87% or greater annual bluegrass control regardless of application timing”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifloxysulfuron provided 87% or greater annual bluegrass control regardless of application timing.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- trifloxysulfurone2
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse2weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass controle2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- 87% or greatere2
- Qualifier
- regardless of application timinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February”
e2“Flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, glufosinate, glufosinate + clethodim, glufosinate + glyphosate, glyphosate + clethodim, glyphosate + diquat, pronamide, rimsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron provided 87% or greater annual bluegrass control regardless of application timing”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazaquin and simazine controlled annual bluegrass greater than 85% when applied in December.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- Imazaquin and simazinee3
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse3weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrasse3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Value
- greater than 85%e3
- Qualifier
- when applied in Decembere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February”
e3“Imazaquin and simazine controlled annual bluegrass greater than 85% when applied in December but less than 80% when applied in February”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazaquin and simazine controlled annual bluegrass less than 80% when applied in February.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- Imazaquin and simazinee3
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse3weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrasse3
- Direction
- lesse3
- Value
- less than 80%e3
- Qualifier
- when applied in Februarye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February”
e3“Imazaquin and simazine controlled annual bluegrass greater than 85% when applied in December but less than 80% when applied in February”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate provided 93% annual bluegrass control when applied in February.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- Glyphosatee4
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse4weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass controle4
- Direction
- higherinferrede4
- Value
- 93%e4
- Qualifier
- when applied in Februarye4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February”
e4“Glyphosate provided 93% annual bluegrass control when applied in February but only 72% control with December applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate provided only 72% annual bluegrass control with December applications.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- Glyphosatee4
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse4weed
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass controle4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 72%e4
- Qualifier
- with December applicationse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February”
e4“Glyphosate provided 93% annual bluegrass control when applied in February but only 72% control with December applications”
Claim · model-written summary
No detrimental effects on bermudagrass spring greenup were observed for any herbicide treatment or application time.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- any herbicide treatment or application timee5
- Outcome
- bermudagrass spring greenupe5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February”
e5“No detrimental effects on bermudagrass spring greenup were observed for any herbicide treatment or application time”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide rotations with several effective options of differing modes of action may prevent, or at least delay, development of resistant annual bluegrass populations.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Outcome
- herbicide rotationse6
- Qualifier
- prevent, or at least delaye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annual bluegrass control can be accomplished in dormant, nonoverseeded bermudagrass turf using a wide range of products applied in either December or February”
e6“The availability of several effective herbicide options with differing modes of action provides turfgrass managers with the opportunity to use herbicide rotations that may prevent, or at least delay, the development of resistant annual bluegrass populations to these chemical products”
The same questions in other papers
imazaquin · organism · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
simazine · organism · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
foramsulfuron · control · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- positive
glyphosate · control · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →clethodim · control · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Flazasulfuron · control · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
glufosinate · control · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
propyzamide · control · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.