Abstract
Three aphelinid parasitoids were evaluated for the biological control of silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) in replicated experimental greenhouses at Cornell University, Ithaca NY. Life-tables for B. argentifolii in the presence and absence of parasitoids were constructed from bi-weekly photographs of whitefly nymphs on poinsettia leaves. Concurrent with photography, weekly population counts of whitefly lifestages on poinsettia plants were made in experimental greenhouses. A release rate of one Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week produced 23% parasitism and 96% mortality of photographed nymphs. Releasing three E. formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week caused parasitism to decrease to 12% and whitefly mortality to increase to 99%. Releasing one Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week produced 34% parasitism and 88% whitefly mortality. Releasing three E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week caused observed parasitism to decline to 10% and overall mortality of photographed nymphs to increase to 99.1%. The efficacy of these two parasitoids was compared to the commercially available strain of Encarsia formosa Gahan. The commercial strain of E. formosa achieved 23% parasitism and 92% whitefly mortality at a release rate of three females/plant/week. Releasing one female E. formosa/plant/week caused 13% parasitism and 95% whitefly mortality. In a commercial greenhouse, an average weekly release rate of six E. formosa/plant/week resulted in 39% parasitism and 86% mortality. Increasing levels of parasitism and decreasing mortality levels as release rates of commercial E. formosa increase may be due to mutual interference between searching females. Whitefly mortality on greenhouse grown poinsettia in the absence of parasitoids at Cornell University was 19%-25%. To suppress B. argentifolii population growth with inundative parasitoid releases, whitefly net reproductive rates $\\rm(R\\sb{o})$ have to be less than one. This was achieved when mortality of photographed nymphs exceeded 96%. Discovery and utilization of whitefly nymphs on single leaf poinsettia plants placed within the canopies of commercially grown poinsettia crops indicated that E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ) had a Type I functional response, while E. formosa Beltsville strain exhibited a Type II functional response. E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ) located a greater number of whitefly patches more quickly, and caused higher levels of whitefly mortality than E. formosa Beltsville strain. The observed results may have been affected by the density of whitefly nymphs on non-experimental plants and crop canopy size which differed between greenhouses; both of which were greater in E. formosa Beltsville strain greenhouses.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain at one Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week produced 23% parasitism whitefly parasitism.
- Taxon
- poinsettia
_04.jpg?width=60)
Euphorbia pulcherrimat0 - Treatment
- one Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifolii
Bemisia argentifoliit1pest - Second interactor
- Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain
Encarsia formosae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- parasitisme0
- Value
- 23% parasitisme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_04.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“A release rate of one Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week produced 23% parasitism and 96% mortality of photographed nymphs.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain at one Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week produced 96% mortality of photographed nymphs whitefly mortality.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- one Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- Encarsia formosa Beltsville strainEncarsia formosae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 96% mortality of photographed nymphse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“A release rate of one Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week produced 23% parasitism and 96% mortality of photographed nymphs.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
E. formosa Beltsville strain at three E. formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week produced 12% whitefly parasitism.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- three E. formosa Beltsville strain/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- E. formosa Beltsville strainEncarsia formosae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitisme0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“Releasing three E. formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week caused parasitism to decrease to 12% and whitefly mortality to increase to 99%.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
E. formosa Beltsville strain at three E. formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week produced 99% whitefly mortality.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- three E. formosa Beltsville strain/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- E. formosa Beltsville strainEncarsia formosae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“Releasing three E. formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week caused parasitism to decrease to 12% and whitefly mortality to increase to 99%.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ) at one Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week produced 34% parasitism whitefly parasitism.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- one Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ)e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitisme0
- Value
- 34% parasitisme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“Releasing one Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week produced 34% parasitism and 88% whitefly mortality.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ) at one Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week produced 88% whitefly mortality whitefly mortality.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- one Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ)e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 88% whitefly mortalitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“Releasing one Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week produced 34% parasitism and 88% whitefly mortality.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ) at three E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week produced 10% whitefly parasitism.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- three E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitisme0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Value
- 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“Releasing three E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week caused observed parasitism to decline to 10% and overall mortality of photographed nymphs to increase to 99.1%.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ) at three E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week produced 99.1% whitefly mortality.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- three E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 99.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“Releasing three E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week caused observed parasitism to decline to 10% and overall mortality of photographed nymphs to increase to 99.1%.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
commercial strain of E. formosa at three females/plant/week produced 23% parasitism whitefly parasitism.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- three females/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- commercial strain of E. formosae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitisme0
- Value
- 23% parasitisme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“The commercial strain of E. formosa achieved 23% parasitism and 92% whitefly mortality at a release rate of three females/plant/week.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
commercial strain of E. formosa at three females/plant/week produced 92% whitefly mortality whitefly mortality.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- three females/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- commercial strain of E. formosae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 92% whitefly mortalitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“The commercial strain of E. formosa achieved 23% parasitism and 92% whitefly mortality at a release rate of three females/plant/week.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
E. formosa at one female E. formosa/plant/week produced 13% parasitism whitefly parasitism.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- one female E. formosa/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- E. formosaEncarsia formosae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitisme0
- Value
- 13% parasitisme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“Releasing one female E. formosa/plant/week caused 13% parasitism and 95% whitefly mortality.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
E. formosa at one female E. formosa/plant/week produced 95% whitefly mortality whitefly mortality.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- one female E. formosa/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- E. formosaEncarsia formosae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 95% whitefly mortalitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“Releasing one female E. formosa/plant/week caused 13% parasitism and 95% whitefly mortality.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
E. formosa at six E. formosa/plant/week produced 39% parasitism whitefly parasitism.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- six E. formosa/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- E. formosaEncarsia formosae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitisme0
- Value
- 39% parasitisme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“In a commercial greenhouse, an average weekly release rate of six E. formosa/plant/week resulted in 39% parasitism and 86% mortality.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
E. formosa at six E. formosa/plant/week produced 86% mortality whitefly mortality.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Treatment
- six E. formosa/plant/weeke0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- E. formosaEncarsia formosae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 86% mortalitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“In a commercial greenhouse, an average weekly release rate of six E. formosa/plant/week resulted in 39% parasitism and 86% mortality.”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
Claim · model-written summary
Without parasitoids, whitefly mortality on greenhouse poinsettia was 19%-25%.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimae0
- Interactor
- Whiteflye0pest
- Outcome
- Whitefly mortalitye0
- Value
- 19%-25%e0
- Setting
- Cornell Universitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whitefly mortality on greenhouse grown poinsettia in the absence of parasitoids at Cornell University was 19%-25%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Whitefly net reproductive rates were below one when nymph mortality exceeded 96%.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Outcome
- mortality of photographed nymphse0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 96%e0
- Qualifier
- This was achievede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
e0“This was achieved when mortality of photographed nymphs exceeded 96%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus had a Type I functional response.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Interactor
- E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Type I functional responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ) had a Type I functional response, while E. formosa Beltsville strain exhibited a Type II functional response.”
Claim · model-written summary
Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain had a Type II functional response.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Interactor
- E. formosa Beltsville strainEncarsia formosae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Type II functional responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ) had a Type I functional response, while E. formosa Beltsville strain exhibited a Type II functional response.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus located more whitefly patches faster than Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Interactor
- E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- whitefly patchese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- E. formosa Beltsville straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
e0“E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ) located a greater number of whitefly patches more quickly, and caused higher levels of whitefly mortality than E. formosa Beltsville strain.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus caused higher whitefly mortality than Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain.
- Taxon
- poinsettiaEuphorbia pulcherrimat0
- Interactor
- Bemisia argentifoliiBemisia argentifoliit1pest
- Second interactor
- E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- whitefly mortalitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- E. formosa Beltsville straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“poinsettia”
t1“Bemisia argentifolii”
e0“E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ) located a greater number of whitefly patches more quickly, and caused higher levels of whitefly mortality than E. formosa Beltsville strain.”
The same questions in other papers
Encarsia formosa · Bemisia argentifolii · Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.