Abstract
Climate warming is leading to shrub expansion in Arctic tundra. Shrubs form ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations with soil fungi that are central to ecosystem carbon balance as determinants of plant community structure and as decomposers of soil organic matter. To assess potential climate change impacts on ECM communities, we analysed fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from ECM root tips of the dominant tundra shrub Betula nana growing in treatments plots that had received long-term warming by greenhouses and/or fertilization as part of the Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research experiment at Toolik Lake Alaska, USA. We demonstrate opposing effects of long-term warming and fertilization treatments on ECM fungal diversity; with warming increasing and fertilization reducing the diversity of ECM communities. We show that warming leads to a significant increase in high biomass fungi with proteolytic capacity, especially Cortinarius spp., and a reduction of fungi with high affinities for labile N, especially Russula spp. In contrast, fertilization treatments led to relatively small changes in the composition of the ECM community, but increased the abundance of saprotrophs. Our data suggest that warming profoundly alters nutrient cycling in tundra, and may facilitate the expansion of B. nana through the formation of mycorrhizal networks of larger size.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term warming increased ECM fungal diversity on Betula nana roots.
- Taxon
- Betula nana
Betula nanae4 - Treatment
- long-term warminge0
- Outcome
- diversity of ECM communitiese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We demonstrate opposing effects of long-term warming and fertilization treatments on ECM fungal diversity; with warming increasing and fertilization reducing the diversity of ECM communities”
e4“analysed fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from ECM root tips of the dominant tundra shrub Betula nana”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization reduced ECM fungal diversity on Betula nana roots.
- Taxon
- Betula nanaBetula nanae4
- Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- diversity of ECM communitiese0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We demonstrate opposing effects of long-term warming and fertilization treatments on ECM fungal diversity; with warming increasing and fertilization reducing the diversity of ECM communities”
e4“analysed fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from ECM root tips of the dominant tundra shrub Betula nana”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly increased high biomass fungi with proteolytic capacity, especially Cortinarius spp., on Betula nana.
- Taxon
- Betula nanaBetula nanae4
- Treatment
- warminge1
- Interactor
- Cortinarius spp.
Cortinariuse1symbiont - Outcome
- high biomass fungi with proteolytic capacitye1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We show that warming leads to a significant increase in high biomass fungi with proteolytic capacity, especially Cortinarius spp., and a reduction of fungi with high affinities for labile N, especially Russula spp.”
e4“analysed fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from ECM root tips of the dominant tundra shrub Betula nana”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced fungi with high affinities for labile N, especially Russula spp., on Betula nana.
- Taxon
- Betula nanaBetula nanae4
- Treatment
- warminge1
- Outcome
- fungi with high affinities for labile Ne1
- Direction
- reductione1
RussulaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We show that warming leads to a significant increase in high biomass fungi with proteolytic capacity, especially Cortinarius spp., and a reduction of fungi with high affinities for labile N, especially Russula spp.”
e4“analysed fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from ECM root tips of the dominant tundra shrub Betula nana”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization caused relatively small changes in the composition of the ECM community of Betula nana.
- Taxon
- Betula nanaBetula nanae4
- Treatment
- fertilization treatmentse2
- Outcome
- composition of the ECM communitye2
- Direction
- relatively small changese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In contrast, fertilization treatments led to relatively small changes in the composition of the ECM community, but increased the abundance of saprotrophs”
e4“analysed fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from ECM root tips of the dominant tundra shrub Betula nana”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased the abundance of saprotrophs in the ECM community of Betula nana.
- Taxon
- Betula nanaBetula nanae4
- Treatment
- fertilization treatmentse2
- Outcome
- abundance of saprotrophse2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In contrast, fertilization treatments led to relatively small changes in the composition of the ECM community, but increased the abundance of saprotrophs”
e4“analysed fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from ECM root tips of the dominant tundra shrub Betula nana”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming alters nutrient cycling in tundra, according to the authors data (interpretation).
- Taxon
- Betula nanaBetula nanae4
- Treatment
- warminge3
- Outcome
- nutrient cycling in tundrae3
- Direction
- alterse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Our data suggest that warming profoundly alters nutrient cycling in tundra”
e4“analysed fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from ECM root tips of the dominant tundra shrub Betula nana”