Abstract
Anguina pacificae is distributed along a narrow strip on the Pacific coast of Northern California where it forms galls on the shoots of Poa annua and causes significant damage to golf course greens. Methods were developed for the continuous propagation of A. pacificae on P. annua in growth chambers, and they were used to examine the life cycle and host-parasite relationships of the nematode. At a mean temperature of 20 degrees C (22 degrees C day/18 degrees C night) the life cycle was completed in as little as 32 days (inoculation to second-generation J2). The first molt occurred in the egg. Infective J2 hatched from the eggs and penetrated the shoot near the crown of the plant where a cavity was formed 200 to 300 mum below the shoot apex. A gall around the cavity was visible 12 days after inoculation (DAI), and the cavity and gall continued to enlarge until second-generation J2 began to hatch. Three additional molts occurred in the cavity of the developing gall 14 to 24 DAI. Sexes could be distinguished 15 DAI. Egg production began 26 DAI and continued for 10 to 15 days. Eggs commenced hatching inside the gall 42 DAI, when the adults began to die and decompose. By 57 DAI, the gall had reached its maximum diameter, and the cavity was filled entirely with second-generation J2 that remained in the gall until they were liberated when the gall decomposed. J2 in galls survived desiccation over silica gel for 14 months at 14 degrees C and were active and infective when rehydrated.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Anguina pacificae occurs in Northern California and forms damaging galls on Poa annua shoots.
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Interactor
- Anguina pacificaeAnguina pacificaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- gallse0
- Qualifier
- significant damage to golf course greense0
- Setting
- Pacific coast of Northern Californiae0
Poa annuaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anguina pacificae is distributed along a narrow strip on the Pacific coast of Northern California where it forms galls on the shoots of Poa annua and causes significant damage to golf course greens.”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous propagation of A. pacificae on P. annua was developed in growth chambers.
- Interactor
- A. pacificaeAnguina pacificaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- continuous propagatione0
- Setting
- growth chamberse0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Methods were developed for the continuous propagation of A. pacificae on P. annua in growth chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
The nematode life cycle could finish in 32 days at a mean temperature of 20 degrees C.
- Interactor
- Anguina pacificaeAnguina pacificaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- life cycle was completede0
- Value
- 32 dayse0
- Qualifier
- mean temperature of 20 degrees Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At a mean temperature of 20 degrees C (22 degrees C day/18 degrees C night) the life cycle was completed in as little as 32 days (inoculation to second-generation J2).”
e1“Poa annua”
t0“Anguina pacificae.”
Claim · model-written summary
The first molt occurred in the egg.
- Interactor
- Anguina pacificaeAnguina pacificaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- first molt occurred in the egge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The first molt occurred in the egg.”
e1“Poa annua”
t0“Anguina pacificae.”
Claim · model-written summary
Infective J2 entered the shoot near the crown and formed a cavity below the shoot apex.
- Organ / stage
- shoot apexe0
- Interactor
- Anguina pacificaeAnguina pacificaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- cavity was formede0
- Value
- 200 to 300 mume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infective J2 hatched from the eggs and penetrated the shoot near the crown of the plant where a cavity was formed 200 to 300 mum below the shoot apex.”
e1“Poa annua”
t0“Anguina pacificae.”
Claim · model-written summary
A gall was visible 12 DAI and enlarged until second generation J2 hatched.
- Interactor
- Anguina pacificaeAnguina pacificaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- gall continued to enlargee0
- Value
- 12 days after inoculation (DAI)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A gall around the cavity was visible 12 days after inoculation (DAI), and the cavity and gall continued to enlarge until second-generation J2 began to hatch.”
e1“Poa annua”
t0“Anguina pacificae.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three additional nematode molts occurred in the gall cavity at 14 to 24 DAI.
- Interactor
- Anguina pacificaeAnguina pacificaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- Three additional moltse0
- Value
- 14 to 24 DAIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three additional molts occurred in the cavity of the developing gall 14 to 24 DAI.”
e1“Poa annua”
t0“Anguina pacificae.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode sexes could be distinguished at 15 DAI.
- Interactor
- Anguina pacificaeAnguina pacificaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- Sexes could be distinguishede0
- Value
- 15 DAIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sexes could be distinguished 15 DAI.”
e1“Poa annua”
t0“Anguina pacificae.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode egg production began at 26 DAI and lasted 10 to 15 days.
- Interactor
- Anguina pacificaeAnguina pacificaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- Egg productione0
- Value
- 26 DAIe0
- Qualifier
- 10 to 15 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Egg production began 26 DAI and continued for 10 to 15 days.”
e1“Poa annua”
t0“Anguina pacificae.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eggs began hatching within the gall at 42 DAI as adults died.
- Interactor
- Anguina pacificaeAnguina pacificaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- Eggs commenced hatching inside the galle0
- Value
- 42 DAIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggs commenced hatching inside the gall 42 DAI, when the adults began to die and decompose.”
e1“Poa annua”
t0“Anguina pacificae.”
Claim · model-written summary
By 57 DAI the gall reached maximum diameter and its cavity was filled with J2.
- Interactor
- Anguina pacificaeAnguina pacificaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- gall had reached its maximum diametere0
- Value
- 57 DAIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By 57 DAI, the gall had reached its maximum diameter, and the cavity was filled entirely with second-generation J2 that remained in the gall until they were liberated when the gall decomposed.”
e1“Poa annua”
t0“Anguina pacificae.”
Claim · model-written summary
J2 in galls survived 14 months of desiccation and remained infective after rehydration.
- Interactor
- Anguina pacificaeAnguina pacificaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- survived desiccatione0
- Value
- 14 monthse0
- Qualifier
- 14 degrees Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“J2 in galls survived desiccation over silica gel for 14 months at 14 degrees C and were active and infective when rehydrated.”
e1“Poa annua”
t0“Anguina pacificae.”