Abstract
The patterns of ring width throughout the root systems and stems of several 32- to 36-year-old, plantation-grown red pine were analyzed. All root systems showed a basic similarity in their radial sequences of ring width. Within a root system, individual sequences ranged from those similar to the radial sequence at the stem base to ones apparently dissimilar. At the stem–root base, the increasing distance to the tree crown with time and changes in mechanical stresses with increasing tree size appeared to play major roles in the development of the basic pattern. The position and type of root, the environment of its apices, and changes in the transportation pathways in the xylem and phloem at branching points may all have influenced the pattern in individual roots. The pattern of deposition of xylem at branching points was visualized as an interaction between the stream of growth regulators and assimilates towards the root tips and the stream of xylem water (and (or) dissolved substances) towards the root base. Discontinuities in the growth layers did not occur in the stem but increased with time in the roots, particularly in the surface horizontal roots. Moisture availability modified the radial sequence patterns and probably influenced the shifts in longitudinal distribution of radial increment from year to year within and between the stem and the root system. The maximum current annual increment in root wood volume occurred before that in the stem.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Root systems showed similar radial ring-width sequences.
- Taxon
- red pine
Pinus resinosat0 - Organ / stage
- root systemse0
- Outcome
- radial sequences of ring widthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All root systems showed a basic similarity in their radial sequences of ring width”
t0“Red Pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual root sequences varied from similar to apparently dissimilar to the stem-base sequence.
- Taxon
- red pinePinus resinosat0
- Organ / stage
- stem basee0
- Outcome
- individual sequencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“individual sequences ranged from those similar to the radial sequence at the stem base to ones apparently dissimilar”
t0“Red Pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater crown distance and changing mechanical stress appeared to shape stem-root base patterns.
- Taxon
- red pinePinus resinosat0
- Outcome
- development of the basic patterne0
- Qualifier
- increasing distance to the tree crown with time and changes in mechanical stresses with increasing tree sizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing distance to the tree crown with time and changes in mechanical stresses with increasing tree size appeared to play major roles in the development of the basic pattern”
t0“Red Pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Root position, apex environment, and transport changes may influence individual root patterns.
- Taxon
- red pinePinus resinosat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- pattern in individual rootse0
- Qualifier
- position and type of root, the environment of its apices, and changes in the transportation pathways in the xylem and phloem at branching pointse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The position and type of root, the environment of its apices, and changes in the transportation pathways in the xylem and phloem at branching points may all have influenced the pattern in individual roots”
t0“Red Pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem growth layers lacked discontinuities, while root discontinuities increased with time, particularly in surface horizontal roots.
- Taxon
- red pinePinus resinosat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Discontinuities in the growth layerse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- particularly in the surface horizontal rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Discontinuities in the growth layers did not occur in the stem but increased with time in the roots, particularly in the surface horizontal roots”
t0“Red Pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture availability modified radial sequence patterns.
- Taxon
- red pinePinus resinosat0
- Treatment
- Moisture availabilitye0
- Outcome
- radial sequence patternse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moisture availability modified the radial sequence patterns”
t0“Red Pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture availability probably influenced year-to-year shifts in radial increment distribution.
- Taxon
- red pinePinus resinosat0
- Organ / stage
- stem and the root systeme0
- Outcome
- shifts in longitudinal distribution of radial incremente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“probably influenced the shifts in longitudinal distribution of radial increment from year to year within and between the stem and the root system”
t0“Red Pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Peak current annual root-wood volume increment occurred before peak stem increment.
- Taxon
- red pinePinus resinosat0
- Outcome
- current annual increment in root wood volumee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- steme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum current annual increment in root wood volume occurred before that in the stem”
t0“Red Pine”