Abstract
This paper describes the first map, albeit partial, of toxigenic fungi re-isolated from grape berries collected in three out of the six most important Slovakia winemaking areas in two different periods of the harvest year 2008. Low temperatures and high relative humidity during July 2008 favoured the development of grape fungal diseases that cause rots such as Plasmopara, Uncinula, Botrytis, Metasphaeria, Elsinoë, and Saccharomycetes. In the analysed samples, the following genera of toxigenic fungi were identified in the range of 1-4%: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Ulocladium, and Trichoderma Trichothecium, while the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium were in the range 11-29%. A. niger, A. carbonarius, some strains of A. carbonarius-with 'crystals' and strains of A. uvarum-uniseriate were identified; these species are considered ochratoxigenic (able to produce variable amounts of toxins). In addition, a non-ochratoxigenic strain of A. ibericus and a Fusarium strain able to biosynthesize small amount of fumonisins, beauvericin, and enniatins were identified. P. expansum, able to produce citrinin, represents 29.7%, of the Penicillium genus together with P. verrucosum, P. glabrum, P. citrinum, and P. crustosum. An analysis for the identification and quantification of the main toxins: ochratoxin A, fumonisins, beauvericin, enniatins, and fusaproliferin was performed on grape samples; it was consistent with the results of the mycological analysis. Toxigenic fungi should be checked throughout the years and their occurrence compared with all environmental factors to avoid health risks.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperatures and high relative humidity in July 2008 favoured development of grape fungal diseases.
- Taxon
- grapee1
- Treatment
- Low temperatures and high relative humidity during July 2008e1
- Interactor
- Plasmopara
Plasmoparae1pathogen - Outcome
- development of grape fungal diseasese1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Low temperatures and high relative humidity during July 2008 favoured the development of grape fungal diseases that cause rots such as Plasmopara, Uncinula, Botrytis, Metasphaeria, Elsinoë, and Saccharomycetes”
Claim · model-written summary
Toxigenic fungi were identified in the range of 1-4% of grape berry samples.
Verbatim
e2“the following genera of toxigenic fungi were identified in the range of 1-4%”
t0“grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium and Penicillium were in the range 11-29% of grape berry samples.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus
Aspergilluse3other - Outcome
- genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicilliume3
- Value
- 11-29%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium were in the range 11-29%”
t0“grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
A. niger and A. carbonarius strains were identified on grape berries.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Interactor
- A. niger
Aspergillus nigere4other - Second interactor
- A. carbonariusAspergillus carbonariuse4other
- Outcome
- were identifiede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“A. niger, A. carbonarius, some strains of A. carbonarius-with 'crystals' and strains of A. uvarum-uniseriate were identified”
t0“grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
The identified Aspergillus species are considered ochratoxigenic.
Verbatim
e5“these species are considered ochratoxigenic (able to produce variable amounts of toxins)”
t0“grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
A non-ochratoxigenic strain of A. ibericus was identified on grape berries.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Interactor
- A. ibericus
Aspergillus ibericuse6other - Outcome
- non-ochratoxigenice6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“a non-ochratoxigenic strain of A. ibericus and a Fusarium strain able to biosynthesize small amount of fumonisins, beauvericin, and enniatins were identified”
t0“grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
A Fusarium strain on grape berries can biosynthesize small amounts of fumonisins, beauvericin and enniatins.
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“a non-ochratoxigenic strain of A. ibericus and a Fusarium strain able to biosynthesize small amount of fumonisins, beauvericin, and enniatins were identified”
t0“grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
P. expansum, able to produce citrinin, represents 29.7% of the Penicillium genus.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Interactor
- P. expansum
Penicillium expansume1other - Outcome
- representse1
- Value
- 29.7%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“P. expansum, able to produce citrinin, represents 29.7%, of the Penicillium genus”
t0“grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Toxin analysis on grape samples was consistent with the mycological results.
Verbatim
e1“An analysis for the identification and quantification of the main toxins: ochratoxin A, fumonisins, beauvericin, enniatins, and fusaproliferin was performed on grape samples; it was consistent with the results of the mycological analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Toxigenic fungi should be checked throughout the years and their occurrence compared with environmental factors to avoid health risks.
Verbatim
e1“Toxigenic fungi should be checked throughout the years and their occurrence compared with all environmental factors to avoid health risks”
t0“grape berries”