Abstract
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that cultivar selection during the process of domestication in cereal plants led to a change in dry mass allocation, e.g., less root mass and more leaf mass or more leaf area per unit leaf mass. We divided 24 varieties of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid winter wheat and two‐rowed winter barley into three categories of domestication levels (wild species, old landraces and modern cultivars) and compared the patterns of dry matter fractionation at the time of anthesis under standardized outdoor growth conditions. In both cereals, total biomass per individual increased significantly with domestication level but, to our surprise, we found no significant change in dry matter investment between domestication levels: neither the dry mass fraction of leaves increased, nor was there a trend of reduced investment in stems and roots, contrary to what we expected. Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR) of modern wheat and barley cultivars were significantly lower compared to wild varieties. Major differences in both cereals were of a purely morphological nature, namely a decrease in the number of stems and ears from wild species to domesticated varieties, along with more synchronous tiller development and therefore similar tiller size. Fertilizer increased total biomass in all domestication levels in both cereals, but influenced the dry matter fractionation only in barley. Tissue nitrogen concentration was unresponsive to both domestication and fertilization. The expected shift in functional traits, conventionally considered to determine plant growth, was not found. Indeed, dry matter fractionation among the major plant biomass components seems to be very conservative.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Total biomass per wheat individual increased significantly with domestication level.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- domestication levele0
- Outcome
- total biomass per individuale0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e0“In both cereals, total biomass per individual increased significantly with domestication level”
Claim · model-written summary
Total biomass per barley individual increased significantly with domestication level.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- domestication levele0
- Outcome
- total biomass per individuale0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e0“In both cereals, total biomass per individual increased significantly with domestication level”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter investment of wheat showed no significant change between domestication levels; leaf mass fraction did not increase and stem and root investment did not decline.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- domestication levelse1
- Outcome
- dry matter investmente1
- Direction
- no significant changee1
- Qualifier
- neither the dry mass fraction of leaves increased, nor was there a trend of reduced investment in stems and rootse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e1“we found no significant change in dry matter investment between domestication levels”
e6“neither the dry mass fraction of leaves increased, nor was there a trend of reduced investment in stems and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter investment of barley showed no significant change between domestication levels; leaf mass fraction did not increase and stem and root investment did not decline.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- domestication levelse1
- Outcome
- dry matter investmente1
- Direction
- no significant changee1
- Qualifier
- neither the dry mass fraction of leaves increased, nor was there a trend of reduced investment in stems and rootse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e1“we found no significant change in dry matter investment between domestication levels”
e6“neither the dry mass fraction of leaves increased, nor was there a trend of reduced investment in stems and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area and leaf area ratio of modern wheat cultivars were significantly lower than in wild varieties.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR)e2
- Direction
- significantly lowere2
- Comparator
- wild varietiese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR) of modern wheat and barley cultivars were significantly lower compared to wild varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area and leaf area ratio of modern barley cultivars were significantly lower than in wild varieties.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree2
- Outcome
- Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR)e2
- Direction
- significantly lowere2
- Comparator
- wild varietiese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR) of modern wheat and barley cultivars were significantly lower compared to wild varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat from wild species to domesticated varieties showed a decrease in the number of stems and ears, with more synchronous tiller development.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- number of stems and earse3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Qualifier
- more synchronous tiller development and therefore similar tiller sizee3
- Comparator
- wild speciese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e3“a decrease in the number of stems and ears from wild species to domesticated varieties, along with more synchronous tiller development and therefore similar tiller size”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley from wild species to domesticated varieties showed a decrease in the number of stems and ears, with more synchronous tiller development.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- number of stems and earse3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Qualifier
- more synchronous tiller development and therefore similar tiller sizee3
- Comparator
- wild speciese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e3“a decrease in the number of stems and ears from wild species to domesticated varieties, along with more synchronous tiller development and therefore similar tiller size”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer increased total biomass of wheat at all domestication levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fertilizere4
- Outcome
- total biomasse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- in all domestication levelse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e4“Fertilizer increased total biomass in all domestication levels in both cereals”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer increased total biomass of barley at all domestication levels.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Fertilizere4
- Outcome
- total biomasse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- in all domestication levelse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e4“Fertilizer increased total biomass in all domestication levels in both cereals”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer influenced the dry matter fractionation of barley, and only in barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Fertilizere4
- Outcome
- dry matter fractionatione4
- Qualifier
- only in barleye4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e4“Fertilizer increased total biomass in all domestication levels in both cereals, but influenced the dry matter fractionation only in barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue nitrogen concentration of wheat was unresponsive to domestication.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- domesticatione5
- Outcome
- Tissue nitrogen concentratione5
- Direction
- unresponsivee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e5“Tissue nitrogen concentration was unresponsive to both domestication and fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue nitrogen concentration of barley was unresponsive to domestication.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- domesticatione5
- Outcome
- Tissue nitrogen concentratione5
- Direction
- unresponsivee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e5“Tissue nitrogen concentration was unresponsive to both domestication and fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue nitrogen concentration of wheat was unresponsive to fertilization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizatione5
- Outcome
- Tissue nitrogen concentratione5
- Direction
- unresponsivee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e5“Tissue nitrogen concentration was unresponsive to both domestication and fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue nitrogen concentration of barley was unresponsive to fertilization.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- fertilizatione5
- Outcome
- Tissue nitrogen concentratione5
- Direction
- unresponsivee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trends in Biomass Fractionation in Wheat and Barley”
e5“Tissue nitrogen concentration was unresponsive to both domestication and fertilization”