Abstract
Smoke and aqueous smoke extracts enhance both seed germination and seedling vigour in a wide variety of plants. The butenolide, 3-methyl-2 H- furo[2,3- c ]pyran-2-one, has been identified as a highly active germination promoter from plant-derived smoke. The present study was undertaken to determine the cytokinin- and auxin-like activity of the smoke-derived butenolide using the soybean callus and mungbean rooting bioassays respectively. A range of butenolide concentrations (10 − 20 –10 − 8 M) were tested alone and supplemented with either 2.5 × 10 − 8 M (5 μg/L) kinetin or 10 − 7 M indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in the soybean callus and mungbean bioassays respectively. In the soybean callus bioassay, a concentration-dependent response was recorded for both the fresh and dry weight of calli after 28 days in culture. The cellular dimensions of calli grown in the various treatments were statistically insignificant ( p ≤ 0.05) indicating that the increased weight of the callus is due to an increase in cell number rather than a change in cellular dimensions. Cytokinin-like activity of the butenolide (10 − 18 –10 − 10 M) was equivalent to 2.5 × 10 − 8 M kinetin. Butenolide treatments supplemented with 2.5 × 10 − 8 M kinetin increased the response of the calli with the optimum treatment (10 − 16 M butenolide) having activity equivalent to 5 × 10 − 8 M (10 μg/L) kinetin. A similar concentration-dependant response was recorded in the mungbean bioassay. The optimum butenolide concentration (10 − 6 M) for auxin-like activity was equivalent to 10 − 7 –10 − 6 M IBA. The addition of 10 − 7 M IBA to the various butenolide treatments increased the rooting response with the optimum treatment (10 − 18 M butenolide) having activity equivalent to 10 − 6 –10 − 5 M IBA. These results demonstrated that the smoke-derived butenolide has both cytokinin- and auxin-like activity when applied at low concentrations as well as a synergistic effect when application is combined with either kinetin or IBA, depending on the bioassay.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Butenolide concentration affected soybean callus fresh and dry weight after 28 days.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- butenolidee1
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weight of callie0
- Direction
- concentration-dependent responsee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a concentration-dependent response was recorded for both the fresh and dry weight of calli after 28 days in culture”
e1“the smoke-derived butenolide using the soybean callus”
Claim · model-written summary
Callus cellular dimensions did not differ among treatments.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- various treatmentse0
- Outcome
- cellular dimensions of callie0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cellular dimensions of calli grown in the various treatments were statistically insignificant ( p ≤ 0.05)”
t0“the soybean callus and mungbean rooting bioassays respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Butenolide cytokinin-like activity was equivalent to kinetin.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- butenolide (10 − 18 –10 − 10 M)e0
- Outcome
- Cytokinin-like activitye0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Value
- 2.5 × 10 − 8 Me0
- Comparator
- kinetine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cytokinin-like activity of the butenolide (10 − 18 –10 − 10 M) was equivalent to 2.5 × 10 − 8 M kinetin”
t0“the soybean callus and mungbean rooting bioassays respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin supplementation increased the soybean callus response.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Butenolide treatments supplemented with 2.5 × 10 − 8 M kinetine0
- Outcome
- response of the callie0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10 − 16 Me0
- Comparator
- 5 × 10 − 8 M (10 μg/L) kinetine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Butenolide treatments supplemented with 2.5 × 10 − 8 M kinetin increased the response of the calli with the optimum treatment (10 − 16 M butenolide) having activity equivalent to 5 × 10 − 8 M (10 μg/L) kinetin”
t0“the soybean callus and mungbean rooting bioassays respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mungbean rooting showed a concentration-dependent butenolide response.
- Taxon
- mungbean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae0 - Treatment
- butenolidet0
- Outcome
- responsee0
- Direction
- concentration-dependante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A similar concentration-dependant response was recorded in the mungbean bioassay”
t0“butenolide”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimum butenolide auxin-like activity was equivalent to IBA.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- butenolide concentration (10 − 6 M)e0
- Outcome
- auxin-like activitye0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Value
- 10 − 7 –10 − 6 Me0
- Comparator
- IBAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimum butenolide concentration (10 − 6 M) for auxin-like activity was equivalent to 10 − 7 –10 − 6 M IBA”
t0“the soybean callus and mungbean rooting bioassays respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
IBA supplementation increased the mungbean rooting response.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- addition of 10 − 7 M IBA to the various butenolide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- rooting responsee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10 − 18 Me0
- Comparator
- 10 − 6 –10 − 5 M IBAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of 10 − 7 M IBA to the various butenolide treatments increased the rooting response with the optimum treatment (10 − 18 M butenolide) having activity equivalent to 10 − 6 –10 − 5 M IBA”
t0“the soybean callus and mungbean rooting bioassays respectively”
The same questions in other papers
indole-3-butyric acid · growth · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.