Abstract
Black spot disease on field pea (Pisum sativum) in Australia is generally caused by one or more of the four fungi: Mycosphaerella pinodes (anamorph Ascochyta pinodes), Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella (synonym Phoma pinodella), Ascochyta pisi, and Phoma koolunga (1,2,4). However, in 2010 from a field pea blackspot disease screening nursery at Medina, Western Australia, approximately 25% of isolates were a Phoma sp. that was morphologically different to Phoma spp. previously reported on field pea in Western Australia, while the remaining 75% of isolates were either M. pinodes or P. medicaginis var. pinodella. Single-spore isolations of 23 isolates of this Phoma sp. were made onto potato dextrose agar. A PCR-based assay with the TW81 and AB28 primers was used to amplify from the 3′ end of 16S rDNA, across ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 to the 5′ end of the 28S rDNA. The DNA products were sequenced and BLAST analyses were used to compare sequences with those in GenBank. In each case, the sequence had ≥99% nucleotide identity with the corresponding sequence in GenBank for P. herbarum. Isolates also showed morphological similarities to P. herbarum as described in other reports (e.g., 3). The relevant information for a representative isolate has been lodged in GenBank (Accession No. JN247437). The same primers were used by Davidson et al. (2) to identify P. koolunga, but none of our 23 isolates were P. koolunga. A conidial suspension of 10 7 conidia ml –1 from a single-spore culture was spray inoculated onto foliage of 10-day-old Pisum sativum cv. Dundale plants maintained under >90% relative humidity conditions for 72 h postinoculation. Symptoms evident by 11 days postinoculation consisted of pale brown lesions that were mostly 1.5 to 2 mm long and 1 to 1.5 mm wide. Approximately 50% of lesions showed a distinct chlorotic halo extending 1 to 2 mm outside the boundary of the lesion. P. herbarum was readily reisolated from infected foliage. A culture of this representative isolate has been lodged in the Western Australian Culture Collection Herbarium maintained at the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (Accession No. WAC13499). Outside of Australia, P. herbarum, while generally considered a soilborne opportunistic pathogen, has been reported on a wide range of species, including field pea (3). Molecular analysis of historical isolates collected from field pea in Western Australia, mostly in the late 1980s, did not show any incidence of P. herbarum, despite this fungus being reported on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and soybean (Glycine max) in Western Australia in 1985 (Australian Plant Pest Database). In Western Australia, this fungus has also been recorded on a Protea sp. in 1991 and on Arabian pea (Bituminaria bituminosa) in 2010 (Australian Plant Pest Database). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. herbarum as a pathogen on field pea in Australia. These previous reports of P. herbarum on other hosts in Western Australia and the wide host range of P. herbarum together suggest the potential for this fungus to be a pathogen on a wider range of genera/species than field pea. References: (1) T. W. Bretag and M. Ramsey. Page 24 in: Compendium of Pea Diseases and Pests. 2nd ed. The American Phytopathologic Society, St Paul, MN, 2001. (2) J. A. Davidson et al. Mycologica 101:120, 2009. (3) G. L. Kinsey. Phoma herbarum. No 1501. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, 2002. (4) T. L. Peever et al. Mycologia 99:59, 2007.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Approximately 25% of isolates at a Medina field pea screening nursery were morphologically distinct Phoma.
- Interactor
- field peae0host
- Outcome
- isolatese0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Qualifier
- approximatelye0
- Setting
- Medina, Western Australiae0
PhomaNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, in 2010 from a field pea blackspot disease screening nursery at Medina, Western Australia, approximately 25% of isolates were a Phoma sp. that was morphologically different to Phoma spp. previously reported on field pea in Western Australia, while the remaining 75% of isolates were either M. pinodes or P. medicaginis var. pinodella.”
Claim · model-written summary
The remaining 75% of isolates were either M. pinodes or P. medicaginis var. pinodella.
- Taxon
- M. pinodes
Didymella pinodese0 - Interactor
- Field Peat0host
- Outcome
- isolates were either M. pinodes or P. medicaginis var. pinodellae0
- Value
- 75%e0
- Qualifier
- either M. pinodes or P. medicaginis var. pinodellae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while the remaining 75% of isolates were either M. pinodes or P. medicaginis var. pinodella.”
t0“Field Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Each sequenced isolate had at least 99% nucleotide identity to the corresponding P. herbarum sequence in GenBank.
- Taxon
- P. herbarumPhoma herbarume0
- Outcome
- nucleotide identitye0
- Value
- ≥99%e0
- Comparator
- corresponding sequence in GenBanke0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“In each case, the sequence had ≥99% nucleotide identity with the corresponding sequence in GenBank for P. herbarum.”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolates were morphologically similar to previously described P. herbarum.
- Taxon
- P. herbarumPhoma herbarume0
- Outcome
- morphological similaritiese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Isolates also showed morphological similarities to P. herbarum as described in other reports (e.g., 3).”
Claim · model-written summary
Information for a representative isolate was deposited in GenBank as JN247437.
- Taxon
- Phoma herbarumPhoma herbarumt0
- Outcome
- lodged in GenBanke0
- Value
- JN247437e0
Verbatim
e0“The relevant information for a representative isolate has been lodged in GenBank (Accession No. JN247437).”
t0“Phoma herbarum”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the 23 isolates was P. koolunga.
- Taxon
- P. koolungaAscochyta koolungae0
- Outcome
- none of our 23 isolates were P. koolungae0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The same primers were used by Davidson et al. (2) to identify P. koolunga, but none of our 23 isolates were P. koolunga.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated field pea developed pale brown lesions by 11 days, mostly 1.5 to 2 mm long.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum
Lathyrus oleraceust0 - Outcome
- pale brown lesionse0
- Value
- 1.5 to 2 mm longe0
- Qualifier
- by 11 days postinoculatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum”
e0“Symptoms evident by 11 days postinoculation consisted of pale brown lesions that were mostly 1.5 to 2 mm long and 1 to 1.5 mm wide.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lesions on inoculated field pea were mostly 1 to 1.5 mm wide.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- pale brown lesionse0
- Value
- 1 to 1.5 mm widee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum”
e0“Symptoms evident by 11 days postinoculation consisted of pale brown lesions that were mostly 1.5 to 2 mm long and 1 to 1.5 mm wide.”
Claim · model-written summary
Approximately half the lesions had a distinct chlorotic halo.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- lesions showed a distinct chlorotic haloe0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- Approximatelye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum”
e0“Approximately 50% of lesions showed a distinct chlorotic halo extending 1 to 2 mm outside the boundary of the lesion.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorotic halos extended 1 to 2 mm beyond lesion boundaries.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- chlorotic haloe0
- Value
- 1 to 2 mme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum”
e0“Approximately 50% of lesions showed a distinct chlorotic halo extending 1 to 2 mm outside the boundary of the lesion.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. herbarum was readily reisolated from infected pea foliage.
- Taxon
- P. herbarumPhoma herbarume0
- Organ / stage
- foliagee0
- Interactor
- Field Peat0host
- Outcome
- readily reisolated from infected foliagee0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“Field Pea”
e0“P. herbarum was readily reisolated from infected foliage.”
Claim · model-written summary
A representative culture was deposited in the Western Australian Culture Collection Herbarium as WAC13499.
- Taxon
- Phoma herbarumPhoma herbarumt0
- Outcome
- lodged in the Western Australian Culture Collection Herbariume0
- Value
- WAC13499e0
- Setting
- Western Australiae0
Verbatim
t0“Phoma herbarum”
e0“A culture of this representative isolate has been lodged in the Western Australian Culture Collection Herbarium maintained at the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (Accession No. WAC13499).”
Claim · model-written summary
Historical field pea isolates from Western Australia showed no P. herbarum incidence.
Verbatim
e0“Molecular analysis of historical isolates collected from field pea in Western Australia, mostly in the late 1980s, did not show any incidence of P. herbarum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report P. herbarum as a field pea pathogen in Australia for the first time to their knowledge.
- Taxon
- P. herbarumPhoma herbarume0
- Interactor
- field peae0host
- Outcome
- first reporte0
- Qualifier
- To our knowledgee0
- Setting
- Australiae0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. herbarum as a pathogen on field pea in Australia.”
Claim · model-written summary
Previous host reports and host range suggest P. herbarum could infect more genera and species than field pea.
- Taxon
- P. herbarumPhoma herbarume0
- Outcome
- potential for this fungus to be a pathogen on a wider range of genera/species than field peae0
- Setting
- Western Australiae0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“These previous reports of P. herbarum on other hosts in Western Australia and the wide host range of P. herbarum together suggest the potential for this fungus to be a pathogen on a wider range of genera/species than field pea.”