Abstract
Criteria are given for the timing and assessment of the effect of sprays on experimental plots, based on biological observations at Silwood Park from 1950 to 1955 and on previous work. A preliminary experiment on small plots in 1952 indicated that ‘blanket spraying’ with DDT and parathion throughout the life of the crop gave protection against both tiller and grain attack. A more detailed replicated plot trial in 1953 showed that for oats planted on 22 April two carefully timed tiller sprays with parathion reduced tiller infestation from 31 to 3%. Six panicle sprays at weekly intervals reduced a heavy grain attack of 60% to 13%. Dieldrin was also effective but significantly less so than parathion. Much of the damage to the crop was caused by weed growth following initial loss of the primary oat shoots. In 1954 and 1955 two and three parathion sprays were applied to 2‐acre fields in order to study recolonization. Despite almost complete control of the tiller generation, a normal evenly distributed infestation of the panicles was found. It is concluded that good control of the tiller generation may best be achieved by a spray programme based on knowledge of the phenology of the fly combined with that of the crop. The first general emergence in early May is likely to be critical. Reinvasion of a sprayed crop may take place within 4–5 days and panicle infestation may not be causally related to tiller infestation in the same field.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Two carefully timed tiller sprays with parathion reduced oat tiller infestation by the frit fly from 31 to 3%.
- Taxon
- oats
Avena sativae1 - Treatment
- two carefully timed tiller sprays with parathione1
- Interactor
- FRIT FLY
Oscinella fritt0pest - Outcome
- tiller infestatione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 31 to 3%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“for oats planted on 22 April two carefully timed tiller sprays with parathion reduced tiller infestation from 31 to 3%”
t0“THE EFFECTS OF SPRAY TREATMENTS ON INFESTATION OF THE OAT CROP BY THE FRIT FLY (OSCINELLA FRIT L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Six panicle sprays at weekly intervals reduced the frit fly grain attack on oats from 60% to 13%.
- Taxon
- OAT CROPAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- Six panicle sprays at weekly intervalse2
- Interactor
- FRIT FLYOscinella fritt0pest
- Outcome
- grain attacke2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 60% to 13%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Six panicle sprays at weekly intervals reduced a heavy grain attack of 60% to 13%”
t0“THE EFFECTS OF SPRAY TREATMENTS ON INFESTATION OF THE OAT CROP BY THE FRIT FLY (OSCINELLA FRIT L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dieldrin was effective against frit fly on oats but significantly less so than parathion.
- Taxon
- OAT CROPAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- Dieldrine3
- Interactor
- FRIT FLYOscinella fritt0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee3
- Direction
- lesse3
- Comparator
- parathione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Dieldrin was also effective but significantly less so than parathion”
t0“THE EFFECTS OF SPRAY TREATMENTS ON INFESTATION OF THE OAT CROP BY THE FRIT FLY (OSCINELLA FRIT L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Blanket spraying with DDT and parathion throughout the crop life protected oats against both tiller and grain attack by frit fly.
- Taxon
- OAT CROPAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- DDT and parathion throughout the life of the crope4
- Interactor
- FRIT FLYOscinella fritt0pest
- Outcome
- protection against both tiller and grain attacke4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“with DDT and parathion throughout the life of the crop gave protection against both tiller and grain attack”
t0“THE EFFECTS OF SPRAY TREATMENTS ON INFESTATION OF THE OAT CROP BY THE FRIT FLY (OSCINELLA FRIT L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Despite almost complete control of the tiller generation, a normal evenly distributed panicle infestation was found.
- Taxon
- OAT CROPAvena sativat0
- Interactor
- FRIT FLYOscinella fritt0pest
- Outcome
- normal evenly distributed infestation of the paniclese5
- Qualifier
- Despite almost complete control of the tiller generatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Despite almost complete control of the tiller generation, a normal evenly distributed infestation of the panicles was found”
t0“THE EFFECTS OF SPRAY TREATMENTS ON INFESTATION OF THE OAT CROP BY THE FRIT FLY (OSCINELLA FRIT L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reinvasion of a sprayed oat crop may take place within 4–5 days.
- Taxon
- OAT CROPAvena sativat0
- Interactor
- FRIT FLYOscinella fritt0pest
- Outcome
- Reinvasion of a sprayed crope6
- Value
- 4–5 dayse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Reinvasion of a sprayed crop may take place within 4–5 days”
t0“THE EFFECTS OF SPRAY TREATMENTS ON INFESTATION OF THE OAT CROP BY THE FRIT FLY (OSCINELLA FRIT L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Much of the oat crop damage was caused by weed growth following loss of the primary oat shoots.
- Taxon
- OAT CROPAvena sativat0
- Interactor
- weed growthe7weed
- Outcome
- damage to the crope7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Much of the damage to the crop was caused by weed growth following initial loss of the primary oat shoots”
t0“THE EFFECTS OF SPRAY TREATMENTS ON INFESTATION OF THE OAT CROP BY THE FRIT FLY (OSCINELLA FRIT L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The first general emergence of the fly in early May is likely to be critical for spray timing.
- Taxon
- OAT CROPAvena sativat0
- Outcome
- first general emergence in early Maye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The first general emergence in early May is likely to be critical”
t0“THE EFFECTS OF SPRAY TREATMENTS ON INFESTATION OF THE OAT CROP BY THE FRIT FLY (OSCINELLA FRIT L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Good control of the tiller generation may best be achieved by a spray programme based on the phenology of the fly combined with that of the crop.
- Taxon
- OAT CROPAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- a spray programme based on knowledge of the phenology of the fly combined with that of the crope0
- Outcome
- good control of the tiller generatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“good control of the tiller generation may best be achieved by a spray programme based on knowledge of the phenology of the fly combined with that of the crop”
t0“THE EFFECTS OF SPRAY TREATMENTS ON INFESTATION OF THE OAT CROP BY THE FRIT FLY (OSCINELLA FRIT L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Panicle infestation may not be causally related to tiller infestation in the same field.
- Taxon
- OAT CROPAvena sativat0
- Outcome
- panicle infestatione0
- Comparator
- tiller infestatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“panicle infestation may not be causally related to tiller infestation in the same field”
t0“THE EFFECTS OF SPRAY TREATMENTS ON INFESTATION OF THE OAT CROP BY THE FRIT FLY (OSCINELLA FRIT L.)”
The same questions in other papers
dieldrin · Oscinella frit · Avena sativa (oats)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
parathion · Oscinella frit · Avena sativa (oats)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
application · Oscinella frit · Avena sativa (oats)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.