Abstract
Abstract The nut weevil Curculio nucum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is responsible for high yield losses in several hazelnut‐growing areas of Europe and Turkey, if not regularly controlled using pesticides. The resistance of hazelnut varieties to the nut weevil is known but poorly investigated so far. Thus a 2‐year study was carried out to investigate factors affecting C. nucum attacks on two cultivars [Tonda Gentile delle Langhe (TGL), Ennis] and four selections (Daria, 101, B6, L35) in a 15‐year‐old orchard of northwestern Italy. Nut developmental stages and shell characteristics, such as hardness and thickness, were measured and correlated to the biological cycle of the nut weevil and to the damage by its larvae. During the 2‐year sampling, nut weevil adults were collected on all cultivars and selections, but in greater quantities on TGL and Daria, and in lower quantities on 101 and B6. In 2005, by female dissection, mature eggs were observed from late June, when the mean temperature exceeded 18°C. Differences between cultivars and selections were found in nut and kernel development, and in shell hardening; in particular, the kernel development was directly related with the shell hardness. At harvest, the damage varied on average from 2.57% in cultivar TGL to 51.84% in selection 101 of total nuts harvested, so independently of the numbers of the collected weevil adults. These two varieties were the earliest and the latest in kernel development and shell hardening, respectively. Therefore, the susceptibility to nut weevil attacks was strictly related to shell hardening; in fact, a rapid hardening of the shell can hamper the oviposition of C. nucum females. By contrast, no correlation was found between shell thickness and damage at harvest.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Adult nut weevils occurred on all tested cultivars and selections, with more on TGL and Daria and fewer on 101 and B6.
- Taxon
- hazelnute1
- Interactor
- Curculio nucum
Curculio nucume2pest - Outcome
- nut weevil adultse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nut weevil adults were collected on all cultivars and selections, but in greater quantities on TGL and Daria, and in lower quantities on 101 and B6”
e1“hazelnut varieties”
e2“Curculio nucum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature female weevil eggs were observed from late June when mean temperature exceeded 18°C.
- Taxon
- hazelnute1
- Interactor
- Curculio nucumCurculio nucume2pest
- Outcome
- mature eggse0
- Qualifier
- from late June, when the mean temperature exceeded 18°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mature eggs were observed from late June, when the mean temperature exceeded 18°C”
e1“hazelnut varieties”
e2“Curculio nucum”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivars and selections differed in nut and kernel development and shell hardening.
Verbatim
e0“Differences between cultivars and selections were found in nut and kernel development, and in shell hardening”
e1“hazelnut varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel development was directly related to shell hardness.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“the kernel development was directly related with the shell hardness”
e1“hazelnut varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest damage ranged from 2.57% in TGL to 51.84% in 101.
- Taxon
- hazelnute1
- Material
- TGLe0
- Interactor
- Curculio nucumCurculio nucume2pest
- Outcome
- damagee0
- Direction
- variede0
- Value
- 2.57%e0
- Qualifier
- 51.84%e0
- Comparator
- 101e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the damage varied on average from 2.57% in cultivar TGL to 51.84% in selection 101 of total nuts harvested”
e1“hazelnut varieties”
e2“Curculio nucum”
Claim · model-written summary
Weevil damage was independent of adult weevil counts.
- Taxon
- hazelnute2
- Interactor
- Curculio nucumCurculio nucume3pest
- Outcome
- damagee1
- Qualifier
- independently of the numbers of the collected weevil adultse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“independently of the numbers of the collected weevil adults”
e1“the damage varied on average”
e2“hazelnut varieties”
e3“Curculio nucum”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptibility to nut weevil attacks was closely related to shell hardening.
- Taxon
- hazelnute1
- Organ / stage
- shelle0
- Interactor
- Curculio nucumCurculio nucume2pest
- Outcome
- susceptibility to nut weevil attackse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the susceptibility to nut weevil attacks was strictly related to shell hardening”
e1“hazelnut varieties”
e2“Curculio nucum”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapid shell hardening may hinder female weevil oviposition.
- Taxon
- hazelnute1
- Organ / stage
- shelle0
- Interactor
- C. nucumCurculio nucume0pest
- Outcome
- oviposition of C. nucum femalese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a rapid hardening of the shell can hamper the oviposition of C. nucum females”
e1“hazelnut varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Shell thickness was not correlated with harvest damage.
- Taxon
- hazelnute1
- Organ / stage
- shelle0
- Interactor
- Curculio nucumCurculio nucume2pest
- Outcome
- damage at harveste0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no correlation was found between shell thickness and damage at harvest”
e1“hazelnut varieties”
e2“Curculio nucum”