Abstract
Parasitism of cornstalk borers was evaluated near Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas, Mexico, from 1984 to 1988. Additional surveyswere made on grain sorghum and johnsongrass. A total of 12,897 larvae and pupae of Diatraea lineolata (Walker), D. saccharalis (F.), and Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) was collected from 10,820 host plants. Total parasitism throughout this study was 6.8%, with no small larval or pupal parasites detected in corn. Six indigenous parasites were reared from all borer species and host plants. Chelonus sonorensis Cameron attacked only E. loftini and was the most common native parasite with 18% overall parasitism. Percentage of parasitism by Chelonus sonorensis was highest (34%) during the fall seasons, particularly at the vegetative corn stage. The remaining indigenous parasites appeared sporadically at very low levels of parasitism and included Digonogastra sp., Orgilus gelechiaevarus (Cushman), Glyptapanteles sp., Spilochalcis sp., and Eucelatoria sp. The exotic parasites Cotesia fiavipes (Cameron) and Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh were field released during the fall of 1985. A. pyralophagus was not recovered from field collections. Cotesia fiavipes was recovered from D. saccharalis and D. lineolata immediately after releasesbegan and became the most abundant parasite of those borer species thereafter. Cotesia fiaoipes was recovered most frequently during the fall during the reproductive and senescent corn stages. Average parasitism by Cotesia flavipes during the fall was 13% on D. saccharalis and 5% on D. lineolata with the highest parasitism (53% on D. saccharalis ) during the fall of 1987. The consistent recoveries of Cotesia fiavipes from 1985 to 1988 suggest that this parasite is permanently established in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Overall cornstalk-borer parasitism was 6.8%.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Interactor
- Cornstalk Borerst0pest
- Outcome
- Total parasitisme0
- Value
- 6.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cornstalk Borers”
e0“Total parasitism throughout this study was 6.8%, with no small larval or pupal parasites detected in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
No small larval or pupal parasitoids were detected in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Interactor
- Cornstalk Borerst0pest
- Outcome
- no small larval or pupal parasites detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cornstalk Borers”
e0“no small larval or pupal parasites detected in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Six native parasitoids were reared from all borer species and host plants.
- Interactor
- borer speciese0pest
- Outcome
- indigenous parasites were rearede0
- Value
- Six indigenous parasitese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
t0“Cornstalk Borers”
e0“Six indigenous parasites were reared from all borer species and host plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelonus sonorensis attacked only E. loftini and had 18% overall parasitism.
- Interactor
- E. loftiniEoreuma loftinie0pest
- Second interactor
- Chelonus sonorensisChelonus sonorensise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- 18% overall parasitisme0
- Value
- 18%e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
t0“Cornstalk Borers”
e0“Chelonus sonorensis Cameron attacked only E. loftini and was the most common native parasite with 18% overall parasitism”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelonus sonorensis parasitism peaked at 34% during fall at the vegetative corn stage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative corn stagee0
- Interactor
- Chelonus sonorensisChelonus sonorensise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Percentage of parasitism by Chelonus sonorensise0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 34%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Percentage of parasitism by Chelonus sonorensis was highest (34%) during the fall seasons, particularly at the vegetative corn stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Other native parasitoids appeared sporadically at very low parasitism levels.
- Interactor
- remaining indigenous parasitese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- very low levels of parasitisme0
- Direction
- very lowe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
t0“Cornstalk Borers”
e0“The remaining indigenous parasites appeared sporadically at very low levels of parasitism”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pyralophagus was not recovered after field release.
- Taxon
- grain sorghum
Sorghum bicolore1 - Interactor
- A. pyralophaguse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- not recovered from field collectionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. pyralophagus was not recovered from field collections”
e1“Additional surveyswere made on grain sorghum and johnsongrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotesia fiavipes was recovered from D. saccharalis after release and became abundant.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Interactor
- D. saccharalis
Diatraea saccharalise0pest - Second interactor
- Cotesia fiavipese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- recovered from D. saccharalise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotesia fiavipes was recovered from D. saccharalis and D. lineolata immediately after releasesbegan and became the most abundant parasite of those borer species thereafter”
e1“particularly at the vegetative corn stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotesia fiavipes was recovered from D. lineolata after release and became abundant.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Interactor
- D. lineolataDiatraea lineolatae0pest
- Second interactor
- Cotesia fiavipese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- became the most abundant parasitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotesia fiavipes was recovered from D. saccharalis and D. lineolata immediately after releasesbegan and became the most abundant parasite of those borer species thereafter”
e1“particularly at the vegetative corn stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotesia fiaoipes was most often recovered in fall at reproductive and senescent corn stages.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive and senescent corn stagese0
- Interactor
- Cotesia fiaoipese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Cotesia fiaoipes was recoverede0
- Direction
- most frequentlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotesia fiaoipes was recovered most frequently during the fall during the reproductive and senescent corn stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall parasitism by Cotesia flavipes averaged 13% on D. saccharalis.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Interactor
- D. saccharalisDiatraea saccharalise0pest
- Second interactor
- Cotesia flavipes
_Figure_7.jpg?width=60)
Cotesia flavipese0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- parasitism by Cotesia flavipese0
- Value
- 13%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Figure_7.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Average parasitism by Cotesia flavipes during the fall was 13% on D. saccharalis and 5% on D. lineolata”
e1“vegetative corn stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall parasitism by Cotesia flavipes averaged 5% on D. lineolata.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Interactor
- D. lineolataDiatraea lineolatae0pest
- Second interactor
- Cotesia flavipesCotesia flavipese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitism by Cotesia flavipese0
- Value
- 5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average parasitism by Cotesia flavipes during the fall was 13% on D. saccharalis and 5% on D. lineolata”
e1“vegetative corn stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Peak Cotesia flavipes parasitism of D. saccharalis reached 53% in fall 1987.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Interactor
- D. saccharalisDiatraea saccharalise0pest
- Second interactor
- Cotesia flavipesCotesia flavipese1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- highest parasitisme0
- Value
- 53%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest parasitism (53% on D. saccharalis ) during the fall of 1987”
e1“Average parasitism by Cotesia flavipes during the fall was 13% on D. saccharalis”
e2“vegetative corn stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Consistent recoveries suggest Cotesia fiavipes became established in northern Tamaulipas.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Interactor
- Cotesia fiavipese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- permanently establishede0
- Setting
- northern Tamaulipas, Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The consistent recoveries of Cotesia fiavipes from 1985 to 1988 suggest that this parasite is permanently established in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico”
e1“vegetative corn stage”