Abstract
A rnott , H oward J. (Northwestern U., Evanston, Ill.) Anastomoses in the venation of Ginkgo biloba. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(6): 405–411. Illus. 1959.—Although the vasculature of the lamina of Ginkgo biloba has been described as open dichotomous and devoid of anastomoses, vein unions were found in a survey of 1065 leaves collected from both long and short shoots of 11 trees. When studied by directing a strong light through the lamina and by clearings, 9.9% of the leaves possessed 1 or more anastomoses. Long shoot‐leaves showed 13.4% anastomoses while short shoot‐leaves showed 8.2% anastomoses. Multiple anastomoses were found in almost half of the leaves bearing anastomoses. In the 105 leaves having vein unions, 163 anastomoses were counted. These anastomoses could be grouped into 4 types which are easily distinguished by the number of dichotomies involved and by the presence or absence of dichotomies above the point of vein union. Other deviations were found from the “normal” venation pattern; these consisted of unconnected veins, veins anastomosed marginally but unconnected basally, and veins ending a considerable distance from the margin. It was speculated that the anastomoses found in Ginkgo biloba are of a simple, archaic type and are apparently analogous to the anastomoses in the leaves of certain ferns and in the leaflets of various cycads. The evolutionary significance of these anastomoses must be assessed by a broad study of venation patterns in the seed‐plants.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Vein unions occurred in surveyed Ginkgo leaves.
- Taxon
- GINKGO BILOBA
Ginkgo bilobat0 - Outcome
- vein unionse0
- Value
- 1065 leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vein unions were found in a survey of 1065 leaves collected from both long and short shoots of 11 trees”
t0“GINKGO BILOBA”
Claim · model-written summary
9.9% of the leaves had at least one anastomosis.
- Taxon
- GINKGO BILOBAGinkgo bilobat0
- Outcome
- leaves possessed 1 or more anastomosese0
- Value
- 9.9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“9.9% of the leaves possessed 1 or more anastomoses”
t0“GINKGO BILOBA”
Claim · model-written summary
Long shoot leaves had 13.4% anastomoses.
- Taxon
- GINKGO BILOBAGinkgo bilobat0
- Organ / stage
- Long shoot‐leavese0
- Outcome
- anastomosese0
- Value
- 13.4%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Long shoot‐leaves showed 13.4% anastomoses”
t0“GINKGO BILOBA”
Claim · model-written summary
Short shoot leaves had 8.2% anastomoses.
- Taxon
- GINKGO BILOBAGinkgo bilobat0
- Organ / stage
- short shoot‐leavese0
- Outcome
- anastomosese0
- Value
- 8.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“short shoot‐leaves showed 8.2% anastomoses”
t0“GINKGO BILOBA”
Claim · model-written summary
Almost half of leaves with anastomoses had multiple unions.
- Taxon
- GINKGO BILOBAGinkgo bilobat0
- Outcome
- Multiple anastomosese0
- Qualifier
- almost half of the leaves bearing anastomosese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Multiple anastomoses were found in almost half of the leaves bearing anastomoses”
t0“GINKGO BILOBA”
Claim · model-written summary
The 105 leaves with vein unions contained 163 anastomoses.
- Taxon
- GINKGO BILOBAGinkgo bilobat0
- Outcome
- anastomosese0
- Value
- 163 anastomosese0
- Qualifier
- 105 leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the 105 leaves having vein unions, 163 anastomoses were counted”
t0“GINKGO BILOBA”
Claim · model-written summary
The anastomoses fell into four venation types.
- Taxon
- GINKGO BILOBAGinkgo bilobat0
- Outcome
- anastomoses could be grouped into 4 typese0
- Value
- 4 typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These anastomoses could be grouped into 4 types which are easily distinguished by the number of dichotomies involved and by the presence or absence of dichotomies above the point of vein union”
t0“GINKGO BILOBA”
Claim · model-written summary
Other venation deviations included unconnected and marginally joined veins and veins ending short of the margin.
- Taxon
- GINKGO BILOBAGinkgo bilobat0
- Outcome
- unconnected veins, veins anastomosed marginally but unconnected basally, and veins ending a considerable distance from the margine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these consisted of unconnected veins, veins anastomosed marginally but unconnected basally, and veins ending a considerable distance from the margin”
t0“GINKGO BILOBA”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpreted the anastomoses as simple and archaic, analogous to those of some ferns and cycads.
- Taxon
- Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo bilobae0
- Outcome
- simple, archaic typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“anastomoses found in Ginkgo biloba are of a simple, archaic type and are apparently analogous to the anastomoses in the leaves of certain ferns and in the leaflets of various cycads”