Abstract
A 3‐yr study of an aged population of American ginseng revealed four morphological classes among plants 1‐18 yrs old. The youngest and smallest plants had a single prong of 3‐5 leaflets and the oldest had four prongs with up to 20 leaflets. Age was positively correlated with prong and leaflet number. Prong development was linear, but not annual, i.e., a two‐pronged plant formed from the single prong stage on an average only after 4.5 years, a third prong arose after 7.6 years, and the fourth prong after 13.5 years. All one‐pronged plants were juveniles and, depending on the year, 22‐44% of two‐pronged plants were also juveniles. After the formation of an inflorescence during the two‐pronged stage, flowering was annual thereafter. Flower number per inflorescence was correlated with morphological class and age. Most plants that developed flowers formed fruit (80‐89%), except during the summer of 1980 when only 47% of flowering plants successfully matured fruit in a season typified by low precipitation and humidity, and high temperature. Younger adults in particular were more susceptible to failure in producing propagules and to earlier annual abscission under these stressful conditions than older members of the population. In fact, 53% of all flowering plants failed to develop fruit in 1980 compared to only 14% and 21% the previous 2 yrs. Seed survival was low and variable, the long afterripening period undoubtedly contributing to this vulnerable stage in the life cycle. Once germinated and established, however, seedling survival and development to adulthood, as well as adult survivorship, were high (97%). Even though a long‐lived, woodland geophyte, year‐by‐year fluctuations in reproductive capacity, seed germination, and time of aerial stem abscission were marked. Annual growing‐season dormancy, previously reported as a general phenomenon for American ginseng, was not found.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
The population had four morphological classes among plants aged 1–18 years.
- Taxon
- American ginseng
Panax quinquefoliust0 - Outcome
- four morphological classese0
- Value
- 1‐18 yrse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“revealed four morphological classes among plants 1‐18 yrs old”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Youngest plants had one prong and 3–5 leaflets.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- single pronge0
- Value
- 3‐5 leafletse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The youngest and smallest plants had a single prong of 3‐5 leaflets”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Oldest plants had four prongs and up to 20 leaflets.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- four prongse0
- Value
- up to 20 leafletse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the oldest had four prongs with up to 20 leaflets”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Age was positively correlated with prong and leaflet number.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- prong and leaflet numbere0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Age was positively correlated with prong and leaflet number”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Prong development was linear but not annual.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- Prong developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prong development was linear, but not annual”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Two prongs formed after an average of 4.5 years.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- two‐pronged plante0
- Value
- 4.5 yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a two‐pronged plant formed from the single prong stage on an average only after 4.5 years”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
The third prong arose after 7.6 years.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- third pronge0
- Value
- 7.6 yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a third prong arose after 7.6 years”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
The fourth prong arose after 13.5 years.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- fourth pronge0
- Value
- 13.5 yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fourth prong after 13.5 years”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
All one-pronged plants were juveniles.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Organ / stage
- one‐pronged plantse0
- Outcome
- juvenilese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All one‐pronged plants were juveniles”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Depending on year, 22–44% of two-pronged plants were juveniles.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Organ / stage
- two‐pronged plantse0
- Outcome
- juvenilese0
- Value
- 22‐44%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“22‐44% of two‐pronged plants were also juveniles”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering became annual after inflorescence formation in the two-pronged stage.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Organ / stage
- two‐pronged stagee0
- Outcome
- flowering was annuale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After the formation of an inflorescence during the two‐pronged stage, flowering was annual thereafter”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower number per inflorescence correlated with class and age.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- Flower number per inflorescencee0
- Direction
- correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flower number per inflorescence was correlated with morphological class and age”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
In most years, 80–89% of flowering plants formed fruit.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- formed fruite0
- Value
- 80‐89%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most plants that developed flowers formed fruit (80‐89%)”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1980, 47% of flowering plants matured fruit under dry, hot conditions.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- matured fruite0
- Value
- 47%e0
- Qualifier
- low precipitation and humidity, and high temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only 47% of flowering plants successfully matured fruit in a season typified by low precipitation and humidity, and high temperature”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Younger adults were more susceptible than older plants to reproductive failure and earlier abscission in stressful conditions.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- failure in producing propagules and to earlier annual abscissione0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- older members of the populatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Younger adults in particular were more susceptible to failure in producing propagules and to earlier annual abscission under these stressful conditions than older members of the population”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1980, 53% of flowering plants failed to fruit.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- failed to develop fruite0
- Value
- 53%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“53% of all flowering plants failed to develop fruit in 1980”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed survival was low and variable.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- Seed survivale0
- Direction
- low and variablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed survival was low and variable”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Survival after establishment and adult survivorship were high at 97%.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- seedling survival and development to adulthood, as well as adult survivorshipe0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 97%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seedling survival and development to adulthood, as well as adult survivorship, were high (97%)”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Reproduction, germination and aerial stem abscission varied markedly between years.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- reproductive capacity, seed germination, and time of aerial stem abscissione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“year‐by‐year fluctuations in reproductive capacity, seed germination, and time of aerial stem abscission were marked”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual growing-season dormancy was not found.
- Taxon
- American ginsengPanax quinquefoliust0
- Outcome
- Annual growing‐season dormancye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Annual growing‐season dormancy, previously reported as a general phenomenon for American ginseng, was not found”
t0“AMERICAN GINSENG PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM”