Abstract
SUMMARY Experiments conducted over four years (1980–1983) with parsnip cv. Avonre‐sister examined the effects of plant density, harvest date and method on seed yield and the components of yield. In 1980, using the root‐to‐seed method, the yield of seed increased by 50% for an increase in plant density from 5.6 to 35 plants m ‐2 ; the maximum yield at the optimum harvest date was 3015 kg h ‐1 . In the other three years, using the seed‐to‐seed method, seed yield increased to a maximum with an increase in plant density from c. 1 to 10 plants m ‐2 but at higher densities yields were lower. At c. 10 plants m ‐2 , seed yields were 1567, 4029 and 1040 kg ha ‐1 , in 1981, 1982 and 1983, respectively, when harvested at the optimum time. An increase in plant density increased the number of non‐seeding plants in the population, reduced the number of umbels per plant and reduced the number of seeds per umbel. Mean seed weight was, in general, unaffected by plant density and so effects of density on yield reflected changes in seed numbers. Increasing the plant density increased the proportion of primary‐umbel seed. Maximum yields of seed were obtained from crops harvested at a seed‐moisture content of 50 to 70%, which occurred 46 ± 2·4 days after flowering. Delay in harvesting after this date led to a loss of yield of 33, 35, 139 and 32 kg ha ‐1 wk ‐1 in 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983, respectively. Plants cut, placed in the windrow to dry and then threshed gave similar yields to those harvested at the same time but dried in bins.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
In 1980, seed yield increased by 50% as plant density increased from 5.6 to 35 plants per m2 (root-to-seed method).
- Taxon
- parsnip
Pastinaca sativat0 - Treatment
- plant densitye1
- Outcome
- yield of seede1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 50%e1
- Setting
- 1980e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e1“In 1980, using the root‐to‐seed method, the yield of seed increased by 50% for an increase in plant density from 5.6 to 35 plants m ‐2”
Claim · model-written summary
With the seed-to-seed method, seed yield increased to a maximum as plant density rose from about 1 to 10 plants per m2.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- plant densitye2
- Outcome
- seed yielde2
- Direction
- increased to a maximume2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e2“seed yield increased to a maximum with an increase in plant density from c. 1 to 10 plants m ‐2”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher plant densities, seed yields were lower.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- higher densitiese3
- Outcome
- yieldse3
- Direction
- lowere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e3“but at higher densities yields were lower”
Claim · model-written summary
At about 10 plants per m2, seed yield was 1567 kg per ha in 1981 when harvested at the optimum time.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- c. 10 plants m ‐2e4
- Outcome
- seed yieldse4
- Value
- 1567e4
- Qualifier
- when harvested at the optimum timee4
- Setting
- 1981e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e4“At c. 10 plants m ‐2 , seed yields were 1567, 4029 and 1040 kg ha ‐1 , in 1981, 1982 and 1983, respectively, when harvested at the optimum time”
Claim · model-written summary
At about 10 plants per m2, seed yield was 4029 kg per ha in 1982 when harvested at the optimum time.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- c. 10 plants m ‐2e4
- Outcome
- seed yieldse4
- Value
- 4029e4
- Qualifier
- when harvested at the optimum timee4
- Setting
- 1982e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e4“At c. 10 plants m ‐2 , seed yields were 1567, 4029 and 1040 kg ha ‐1 , in 1981, 1982 and 1983, respectively, when harvested at the optimum time”
Claim · model-written summary
At about 10 plants per m2, seed yield was 1040 kg per ha in 1983 when harvested at the optimum time.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- c. 10 plants m ‐2e4
- Outcome
- seed yieldse4
- Value
- 1040e4
- Qualifier
- when harvested at the optimum timee4
- Setting
- 1983e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e4“At c. 10 plants m ‐2 , seed yields were 1567, 4029 and 1040 kg ha ‐1 , in 1981, 1982 and 1983, respectively, when harvested at the optimum time”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing plant density increased the number of non-seeding plants.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- plant densitye7
- Outcome
- number of non‐seeding plantse7
- Direction
- increasede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e7“An increase in plant density increased the number of non‐seeding plants in the population, reduced the number of umbels per plant and reduced the number of seeds per umbel”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing plant density reduced the number of umbels per plant.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- plant densitye7
- Outcome
- number of umbels per plante7
- Direction
- reducede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e7“An increase in plant density increased the number of non‐seeding plants in the population, reduced the number of umbels per plant and reduced the number of seeds per umbel”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing plant density reduced the number of seeds per umbel.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- plant densitye7
- Outcome
- number of seeds per umbele7
- Direction
- reducede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e7“An increase in plant density increased the number of non‐seeding plants in the population, reduced the number of umbels per plant and reduced the number of seeds per umbel”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean seed weight was generally unaffected by plant density.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- plant densitye1
- Outcome
- Mean seed weighte1
- Direction
- unaffectede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e1“Mean seed weight was, in general, unaffected by plant density”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing plant density increased the proportion of primary-umbel seed.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- plant densitye1
- Outcome
- proportion of primary‐umbel seede1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e1“Increasing the plant density increased the proportion of primary‐umbel seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum seed yields were obtained from crops harvested at a seed-moisture content of 50 to 70%.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- harvested at a seed‐moisture content of 50 to 70%e1
- Outcome
- yields of seede1
- Direction
- Maximume1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e1“Maximum yields of seed were obtained from crops harvested at a seed‐moisture content of 50 to 70%”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum seed yield at 50 to 70% seed moisture occurred 46 ± 2.4 days after flowering.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Outcome
- Maximum yields of seede1
- Value
- 46 ± 2·4 days after floweringe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e1“Maximum yields of seed were obtained from crops harvested at a seed‐moisture content of 50 to 70%, which occurred 46 ± 2·4 days after flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying harvest after the optimum date lost 33 kg per ha per week in 1980.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- Delay in harvesting after this datee1
- Outcome
- loss of yielde1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 33e1
- Setting
- 1980e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e1“Delay in harvesting after this date led to a loss of yield of 33, 35, 139 and 32 kg ha ‐1 wk ‐1 in 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying harvest after the optimum date lost 35 kg per ha per week in 1981.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- Delay in harvesting after this datee1
- Outcome
- loss of yielde1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 35e1
- Setting
- 1981e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e1“Delay in harvesting after this date led to a loss of yield of 33, 35, 139 and 32 kg ha ‐1 wk ‐1 in 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying harvest after the optimum date lost 139 kg per ha per week in 1982.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- Delay in harvesting after this datee1
- Outcome
- loss of yielde1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 139e1
- Setting
- 1982e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e1“Delay in harvesting after this date led to a loss of yield of 33, 35, 139 and 32 kg ha ‐1 wk ‐1 in 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying harvest after the optimum date lost 32 kg per ha per week in 1983.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- Delay in harvesting after this datee1
- Outcome
- loss of yielde1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 32e1
- Setting
- 1983e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e1“Delay in harvesting after this date led to a loss of yield of 33, 35, 139 and 32 kg ha ‐1 wk ‐1 in 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants cut and dried in a windrow gave similar seed yields to plants dried in bins.
- Taxon
- parsnipPastinaca sativat0
- Treatment
- placed in the windrow to drye1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- dried in binse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)”
e1“Plants cut, placed in the windrow to dry and then threshed gave similar yields to those harvested at the same time but dried in bins”