Abstract
Economics is the dominant factor influencing the adoption of cropping systems. The objective of this 6‐yr study was to determine profitability of cropping systems featuring four crop rotations (continuous corn ( Zea mays L.), soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–corn, soybean–corn–corn, and soybean–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)/red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.)–corn), three tillage systems (moldboard, chisel, and ridge) and two management input (high and low chemical) systems. The soybean–corn rotation under low chemical management resulted in the greatest net returns in chisel ($100 ha −1 ) and moldboard plow tillage ($148 ha −1 ) because the reduction in production costs (∼$110 ha −1 ), associated with less fertilizer and pesticide costs in corn and less herbicide costs in soybeans, offset the reduction in gross returns ($72 ha −1 in chisel and $38 ha −1 in moldboard plow), associated with lower corn and soybean yields in chisel and lower corn yields in moldboard plow. Continuous corn under high chemical and soybean–corn–corn and soybean–corn rotations under low chemical management had similar net returns in ridge tillage ($33, $26, and $17 ha −1 , respectively). Growers who substitute soybean–corn and soybean–corn–corn (in ridge) rotations for continuous corn can maximize profits and reduce starter fertilizer use by 33 to 50%, N fertilizer by 60 to 70%, herbicides by about 60%, and insecticides by 65 to 100%. Growers who use moldboard plow tillage may realize maximum profits by adopting the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation under low chemical management if they market the wheat straw, a common practice in New York.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Low-chemical soybean-corn rotation gave greatest net returns under chisel tillage.
- Taxon
- soybean–corn
Glycine max
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- low chemical managemente0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- $100 ha −1e0
- Setting
- chisele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soybean–corn rotation under low chemical management resulted in the greatest net returns in chisel ($100 ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-chemical soybean-corn rotation gave greatest net returns under moldboard tillage.
- Taxon
- soybean–cornGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- low chemical managemente0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- $148 ha −1e0
- Setting
- moldboard plow tillagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soybean–corn rotation under low chemical management resulted in the greatest net returns in chisel ($100 ha −1 ) and moldboard plow tillage ($148 ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Low chemical management reduced production costs by about $110 per hectare.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- less fertilizer and pesticide costse0
- Outcome
- production costse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- ∼$110 ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduction in production costs (∼$110 ha −1 ), associated with less fertilizer and pesticide costs in corn and less herbicide costs in soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Gross returns fell $72 per hectare in chisel tillage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- gross returnse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- $72 ha −1e0
- Setting
- chisele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction in gross returns ($72 ha −1 in chisel and $38 ha −1 in moldboard plow), associated with lower corn and soybean yields in chisel”
Claim · model-written summary
Gross returns fell $38 per hectare in moldboard tillage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- gross returnse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- $38 ha −1e0
- Setting
- moldboard plowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction in gross returns ($72 ha −1 in chisel and $38 ha −1 in moldboard plow), associated with lower corn and soybean yields in chisel and lower corn yields in moldboard plow”
Claim · model-written summary
Three ridge tillage systems had similar returns of $33, $26 and $17 per hectare respectively.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- similar net returnse0
- Value
- $33, $26, and $17 ha −1e0
- Setting
- ridge tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous corn under high chemical and soybean–corn–corn and soybean–corn rotations under low chemical management had similar net returns in ridge tillage ($33, $26, and $17 ha −1 , respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing continuous corn with soybean rotations could reduce fertilizer, herbicide and insecticide use.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- maximize profits and reduce starter fertilizer use by 33 to 50%, N fertilizer by 60 to 70%, herbicides by about 60%, and insecticides by 65 to 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growers who substitute soybean–corn and soybean–corn–corn (in ridge) rotations for continuous corn can maximize profits and reduce starter fertilizer use by 33 to 50%, N fertilizer by 60 to 70%, herbicides by about 60%, and insecticides by 65 to 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Moldboard growers may maximize profit with low-chemical soybean-wheat/red clover-corn rotation if wheat straw is sold.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- maximum profits by adopting the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation under low chemical managemente0
- Qualifier
- if they market the wheat strawe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growers who use moldboard plow tillage may realize maximum profits by adopting the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation under low chemical management if they market the wheat straw”
The same questions in other papers
insecticide · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
49 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
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See all 66 papers →fertilization · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3,484 papers in the same direction as this paper · 338 in the opposite direction · 85 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
3,904 papers more in this group
See all 3,908 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.