Abstract
A field experiment was conducted under a wheat-maize rotation system from 1990 to 2006 in North China Plain (NCP) to determine the effects of N, P and K on yield and yield gap. There were five treatments: NPK, PK, NK, NP and a control. Average wheat and maize yields were the highest in the NPK treatment, followed by those in the NP plots among all treatments. For wheat and maize yield, a significant increasing trend over time was found in the NPK-treated plots and a decreasing trend in the NK-treated plots. In the absence of N or P, wheat and maize yields were significantly lower than those in the NPK treatment. For both crops, the increasing rate of the yield gap was the highest in the P omission plots, i.e., 189.1 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) for wheat and 560.6 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) for maize. The cumulative omission of P fertilizer induced a deficit in the soil available N and extractable P concentrations for maize. The P fertilizer was more pivotal in long-term wheat and maize growth and soil fertility conservation in NCP, although the N fertilizer input was important for both crops growth. The crop response to K fertilizers was much lower than that to N or P fertilizers, but for maize, the cumulative omission of K fertilizer decreased the yield by 26% and increased the yield gap at a rate of 322.7 kg ha(-1) yr(-1). The soil indigenous K supply was not sufficiently high to meet maize K requirement over a long period. The proper application of K fertilizers is necessary for maize production in the region. Thus, the appropriate application of N and P fertilizers for the growth of both crops, while regularly combining K fertilizers for maize growth, is absolutely necessary for sustainable crop production in the NCP.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat and maize yields were highest with NPK and next highest with NP.
- Taxon
- wheat and maize
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- NPK treatmente0
- Outcome
- wheat and maize yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- NP plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average wheat and maize yields were the highest in the NPK treatment, followed by those in the NP plots among all treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat and maize yields increased significantly over time in NPK plots.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- NPK-treated plotse0
- Outcome
- wheat and maize yielde0
- Direction
- increasing trende0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For wheat and maize yield, a significant increasing trend over time was found in the NPK-treated plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat and maize yields decreased over time in NK plots.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- NK-treated plotse0
- Outcome
- wheat and maize yielde0
- Direction
- decreasing trende0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For wheat and maize yield, a significant increasing trend over time was found in the NPK-treated plots and a decreasing trend in the NK-treated plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Without N or P, wheat and maize yields were significantly below NPK plots.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- absence of N or Pe0
- Outcome
- wheat and maize yieldse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- NPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of N or P, wheat and maize yields were significantly lower than those in the NPK treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
P omission gave the highest wheat yield-gap increase, 189.1 kg ha(-1) yr(-1).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- P omission plotse0
- Outcome
- yield gape0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 189.1 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increasing rate of the yield gap was the highest in the P omission plots, i.e., 189.1 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) for wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
P omission gave the highest maize yield-gap increase, 560.6 kg ha(-1) yr(-1).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increasing rate of the yield gap was the highest in the P omission plots, i.e., 189.1 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) for wheat and 560.6 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) for maize.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative P omission depleted soil available N and extractable P for maize.
- Treatment
- cumulative omission of P fertilizere0
- Outcome
- soil available N and extractable P concentrationse0
- Direction
- deficite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cumulative omission of P fertilizer induced a deficit in the soil available N and extractable P concentrations for maize.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize K omission reduced yield by 26%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for maize, the cumulative omission of K fertilizer decreased the yield by 26%”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize K omission increased the yield gap by 322.7 kg ha(-1) yr(-1).
- Treatment
- cumulative omission of K fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yield gape0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 322.7 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for maize, the cumulative omission of K fertilizer decreased the yield by 26% and increased the yield gap at a rate of 322.7 kg ha(-1) yr(-1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop response to K was much lower than to N or P fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- K fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- crop responsee0
- Direction
- much lowere0
- Comparator
- N or P fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The P fertilizer was more pivotal in long-term wheat and maize growth and soil fertility conservation in NCP, although the N fertilizer input was important for both crops growth. The crop response to K fertilizers was much lower than that to N or P fertilizers”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged indigenous soil K insufficient for long-term maize demand.
- Outcome
- maize K requiremente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil indigenous K supply was not sufficiently high to meet maize K requirement over a long period.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend appropriate N and P fertilizer for both crops, with regular K fertilizer for maize.
Verbatim
e0“the appropriate application of N and P fertilizers for the growth of both crops, while regularly combining K fertilizers for maize growth, is absolutely necessary for sustainable crop production in the NCP.”
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