Abstract
The wheat–maize rotation system in the North China Plain (NCP) has a large amount of crop straw. However, improper crop straw management and blind fertilization lead to nutrient imbalance and accelerated nutrient loss from the soil, ultimately leading to nutrient deficiency affecting the wheat–maize rotation system. In order to explore the effects of nutrient deficiency on the yield and nutrient use efficiency of wheat and maize, the experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design consisting of five treatments with three replicates for each treatment: (1) a potassium fertilizer deficiency and appropriate nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer treatment (NP); (2) a phosphate fertilizer deficiency and appropriate nitrogen and potassium fertilizer treatment (NK); (3) a nitrogen fertilizer deficiency and appropriate phosphate and potassium fertilizer treatment (PK); (4) an adequate nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer treatment (NPK); and (5) a no-fertilizer treatment (CK). The results showed that, compared with CK, the yields of wheat and maize treated with NPK were increased by 21.5% and 27.5%, respectively, and the accumulation of the dry matter of the wheat and maize was increased by 42.5% and 57.3%. In all the deficiency treatments, the NK treatment performed better in terms of yield compared to the NP and PK treatments, while the NP treatment demonstrated a greater increase in dry matter accumulation. The NPK treatment significantly improved the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) of the wheat and maize, which resulted in higher nitrogen accumulation in the NPK treatment, and the NP treatment was the best among the other nutrient deficiency treatments. The inorganic nitrogen content showed a similar trend. In conclusion, nutrient deficiency can severely restrict crop growth. Nitrogen deficiency can significantly reduce crop yields. Phosphorus deficiency had a greater impact than potassium deficiency in terms of nutrient absorption and accumulation. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer application should be emphasized in crop rotation systems, with moderate increases in phosphorus fertilizer application. This practice can effectively improve the nutrient deficiency under the wheat and maize rotation system in the NCP and complete a rational fertilization system.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased wheat yield by 21.5% relative to no fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- NPKe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.5%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with CK, the yields of wheat and maize treated with NPK were increased by 21.5% and 27.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased maize yield by 27.5% relative to no fertilizer.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with CK, the yields of wheat and maize treated with NPK were increased by 21.5% and 27.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased wheat dry matter accumulation by 42.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NPKe1
- Outcome
- accumulation of the dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.5%e0
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the accumulation of the dry matter of the wheat and maize was increased by 42.5% and 57.3%”
t0“Nutrient Deficiency”
e1“compared with CK, the yields of wheat and maize treated with NPK were increased by 21.5% and 27.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased maize dry matter accumulation by 57.3%.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the accumulation of the dry matter of the wheat and maize was increased by 42.5% and 57.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
NK gave higher yield than NP and PK among deficiency treatments.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivum
Zea mayse1 - Treatment
- NKe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- NP and PK treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the NK treatment performed better in terms of yield compared to the NP and PK treatments”
t0“Wheat–Summer Maize”
e1“yields of wheat and maize treated with NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
NP gave greater dry matter accumulation among deficiency treatments.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Treatment
- NPe0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- greater increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the NP treatment demonstrated a greater increase in dry matter accumulation”
t0“Wheat–Summer Maize”
e1“yields of wheat and maize treated with NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK significantly improved wheat and maize nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- NPKe0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen harvest index (NHI)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NPK treatment significantly improved the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) of the wheat and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK produced higher nitrogen accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Treatment
- NPKe0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher nitrogen accumulation in the NPK treatment”
t0“Wheat–Summer Maize”
e1“yields of wheat and maize treated with NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
NP performed best among nutrient deficiency treatments for nitrogen use.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the NP treatment was the best among the other nutrient deficiency treatments”
t0“Wheat–Summer Maize”
e1“yields of wheat and maize treated with NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic nitrogen content showed a similar trend.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The inorganic nitrogen content showed a similar trend.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency significantly reduced crop yields.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen deficiency can significantly reduce crop yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deficiency affected nutrient absorption and accumulation more than potassium deficiency.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Treatment
- Phosphorus deficiencye0
- Outcome
- nutrient absorption and accumulatione0
- Direction
- greater impacte0
- Comparator
- potassium deficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus deficiency had a greater impact than potassium deficiency in terms of nutrient absorption and accumulation.”
t0“Wheat–Summer Maize”
e1“yields of wheat and maize treated with NPK”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend emphasizing nitrogen fertilizer and moderately increasing phosphorus in crop rotation.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Outcome
- nitrogen fertilizer application should be emphasized in crop rotation systems, with moderate increases in phosphorus fertilizer applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen fertilizer application should be emphasized in crop rotation systems, with moderate increases in phosphorus fertilizer application.”
t0“Wheat–Summer Maize”
e1“yields of wheat and maize treated with NPK”
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See all 3,438 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.