Abstract
Three methods of chemical control of Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon) on bean ( Phaseolus ) have been investigated, these comprising seed and soil treatments and spraying of the foliage. Organophosphorus and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides have been tested, chiefly as seed soaks, in the control of the pest. Applied in this way, the former gave poor protection, whereas the chlorinated hydrocarbons, especially the cyclodiene compounds, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and chlordane, gave adequate protection. Reduction of the period of soaking led to better germination of treated seed. When seed-borne diseases were present, soaking in water or insecticidal solution enhanced their incidence. Bean varieties varied in their response to soaking in water or the insecticidal fluids used, the germination of most varieties being adversely affected. Endrin 20 per cent, emulsifiable concentrate (E.C.) used at a dilution of 1:250 as a soak for six hours or at a dilution of 1:125 for three hours or 1:50 for momentary dipping or up to an hour's soaking, gave good germination and protection from M. phaseoli with the climbing bean variety Kentucky Wonder but reduced very considerably the germination of several other varieties. Where soil was treated with various insecticides for control of M. phaseoli . pre-sowing treatment was more effective in protecting the bean plant from this seedling pest than treatment given after seedling emergence. Soil treatment with endrin did not induce phytotoxic symptoms in those varieties that were adversely affected when the seeds were soaked in emulsified solutions of endrin. Foliar spraying with DDT 18 per cent. E.C. at one fl. oz. per gal., endrin 20 per cent. E.C. at 0·5 fl. oz. per gal. or parathion 46 per cent. E.C. at 2 ml. per gal. at weekly intervals up to the time of flowering was very effective in controlling M. phaseoli . The efficient control of the pest obtained with pre-sowing treatment of soil or seed suggests that the insecticides concerned may have been acting systemically. Laboratory studies on the life-cycle of the pest in plants derived from treated and untreated seed show that endrin (which was the only insecticide studied in detail in this way) has a larvicidal effect when used as a pre-sowing treatment.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Organophosphorus seed soaks gave poor pest protection.
- Taxon
- beane1
- Treatment
- Organophosphoruse0
- Interactor
- Melanagromyza phaseolie1pest
- Outcome
- protectione0
- Direction
- poore0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Organophosphorus and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides have been tested, chiefly as seed soaks, in the control of the pest. Applied in this way, the former gave poor protection”
e1“Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon) on bean ( Phaseolus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorinated hydrocarbon seed soaks gave adequate protection.
- Taxon
- beane1
- Treatment
- chlorinated hydrocarbonse0
- Interactor
- Melanagromyza phaseolie1pest
- Outcome
- protectione0
- Direction
- adequatee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the chlorinated hydrocarbons, especially the cyclodiene compounds, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and chlordane, gave adequate protection”
e1“Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon) on bean ( Phaseolus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Shortening seed soaking improved germination.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of the period of soaking led to better germination of treated seed.”
e1“on bean ( Phaseolus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Water soaking enhanced seed-borne disease incidence when diseases were present.
- Taxon
- beane1
- Treatment
- soaking in watere0
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- When seed-borne diseases were presente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“When seed-borne diseases were present, soaking in water or insecticidal solution enhanced their incidence.”
e1“on bean ( Phaseolus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticidal soaking enhanced seed-borne disease incidence when diseases were present.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“When seed-borne diseases were present, soaking in water or insecticidal solution enhanced their incidence.”
e1“on bean ( Phaseolus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Most bean varieties had adversely affected germination after soaking, with varietal differences.
- Taxon
- Beane0
- Treatment
- soaking in water or the insecticidal fluids usede0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- adversely affectede0
- Qualifier
- most varietiese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bean varieties varied in their response to soaking in water or the insecticidal fluids used, the germination of most varieties being adversely affected.”
Claim · model-written summary
Specified endrin soaks gave Kentucky Wonder good germination and pest protection.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Material
- Kentucky Wondere0
- Treatment
- Endrin 20 per cent, emulsifiable concentrate (E.C.)e0
- Interactor
- M. phaseolie0pest
- Outcome
- germination and protectione0
- Direction
- goode0
- Qualifier
- 1:250 as a soak for six hours or at a dilution of 1:125 for three hours or 1:50 for momentary dipping or up to an hour's soakinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Endrin 20 per cent, emulsifiable concentrate (E.C.) used at a dilution of 1:250 as a soak for six hours or at a dilution of 1:125 for three hours or 1:50 for momentary dipping or up to an hour's soaking, gave good germination and protection from M. phaseoli with the climbing bean variety Kentucky Wonder”
Claim · model-written summary
Endrin soaking greatly reduced germination of several other varieties.
- Taxon
- beane2
- Treatment
- Endrin 20 per cent, emulsifiable concentrate (E.C.)e1
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- reduced very considerablye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“but reduced very considerably the germination of several other varieties”
e1“Endrin 20 per cent, emulsifiable concentrate (E.C.)”
e2“on bean ( Phaseolus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-sowing soil treatment protected beans more effectively than post-emergence treatment.
Verbatim
e0“Where soil was treated with various insecticides for control of M. phaseoli . pre-sowing treatment was more effective in protecting the bean plant from this seedling pest than treatment given after seedling emergence.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil endrin caused no phytotoxic symptoms in varieties harmed by seed soaking.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Soil treatment with endrin did not induce phytotoxic symptoms in those varieties that were adversely affected when the seeds were soaked in emulsified solutions of endrin.”
e1“on bean ( Phaseolus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Weekly DDT sprays effectively controlled the pest until flowering.
- Taxon
- beane1
- Treatment
- DDT 18 per cent. E.C. at one fl. oz. per gal.e0
- Interactor
- M. phaseolie0pest
- Outcome
- controlling M. phaseolie0
- Direction
- very effectivee0
- Qualifier
- at weekly intervals up to the time of floweringe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Foliar spraying with DDT 18 per cent. E.C. at one fl. oz. per gal., endrin 20 per cent. E.C. at 0·5 fl. oz. per gal. or parathion 46 per cent. E.C. at 2 ml. per gal. at weekly intervals up to the time of flowering was very effective in controlling M. phaseoli .”
e1“on bean ( Phaseolus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Weekly endrin sprays effectively controlled the pest until flowering.
- Taxon
- beane1
- Treatment
- endrin 20 per cent. E.C. at 0·5 fl. oz. per gal.e0
- Interactor
- M. phaseolie0pest
- Outcome
- controlling M. phaseolie0
- Direction
- very effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“endrin 20 per cent. E.C. at 0·5 fl. oz. per gal. or parathion 46 per cent. E.C. at 2 ml. per gal. at weekly intervals up to the time of flowering was very effective in controlling M. phaseoli .”
e1“on bean ( Phaseolus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Weekly parathion sprays effectively controlled the pest until flowering.
- Taxon
- beane1
- Treatment
- parathion 46 per cent. E.C. at 2 ml. per gal.e0
- Interactor
- M. phaseolie0pest
- Outcome
- controlling M. phaseolie0
- Direction
- very effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“parathion 46 per cent. E.C. at 2 ml. per gal. at weekly intervals up to the time of flowering was very effective in controlling M. phaseoli .”
e1“on bean ( Phaseolus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-sowing insecticides may have acted systemically.
Verbatim
e0“The efficient control of the pest obtained with pre-sowing treatment of soil or seed suggests that the insecticides concerned may have been acting systemically.”
e1“Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon) on bean ( Phaseolus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-sowing endrin had a larvicidal effect.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“endrin (which was the only insecticide studied in detail in this way) has a larvicidal effect when used as a pre-sowing treatment”
e1“Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon) on bean ( Phaseolus )”
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See all 76 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.