Abstract
ABSTRACT Most of the sandy soils that are suitable for production of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the tropic and subtropics are acidic. Whilst effects of pH in the root zone have been studied, the effects of pod-zone pH on groundnut productivity remain relatively unknown. To develop appropriate soil management practices for groundnut production on acid soils, it is essential to understand how low pH affects reproductive growth of groundnut. Consequently, a glasshouse experiment was conducted in which attached groundnut gynophores were cultured in solution at pH ranging from 3.0 to 7.0. Low pH delayed pod initiation, and resulted in almost no pod expansion at pH 3.0. Only 12% and 55% of the cultured gynophores developed into pods at pH 3.0 and 4.0, respectively, compared with 91–95% at pH ≥ 5.0. Pods produced at pH 3.0 contained no seeds and those produced at pH 4.0 had a hollow, dark colored area in the cotyledon. Normal seeds and embryos were formed at pH ≥ 5.0, and plumule development was faster at solution pH ≥ 5.0 than at pH 4.0. Pod and kernel dry mass were optimised (90% of maximum) at pH 5.62–6.69 and 5.65–6.78, respectively. Septate and non-septate pod hairs were formed at all solution pH regimes, but were denser and more persistent at the higher pH. Kernel calcium (Ca) concentration decreased with decreasing pH, and was highly correlated with solution pH. Thus, pod-zone pH has important effects on the reproductive growth of groundnut, emphasizing the importance of managing pod-zone pH.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Low pod-zone pH delayed groundnut pod initiation.
- Taxon
- groundnut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- Low pHe0
- Outcome
- pod initiatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low pH delayed pod initiation, and resulted in almost no pod expansion at pH 3.0.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 3.0, groundnut had almost no pod expansion.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- pH 3.0e0
- Outcome
- pod expansione0
- Direction
- almost noe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low pH delayed pod initiation, and resulted in almost no pod expansion at pH 3.0.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
12% of gynophores developed into pods at pH 3.0, compared with 91–95% at pH ≥ 5.0.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- pH 3.0e0
- Outcome
- developed into podse0
- Direction
- Onlye0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Qualifier
- 91–95%e0
- Comparator
- pH ≥ 5.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only 12% and 55% of the cultured gynophores developed into pods at pH 3.0 and 4.0, respectively, compared with 91–95% at pH ≥ 5.0.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
55% of gynophores developed into pods at 4.0, compared with 91–95% at pH ≥ 5.0.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 4.0e0
- Outcome
- developed into podse0
- Direction
- Onlye0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Qualifier
- 91–95%e0
- Comparator
- pH ≥ 5.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only 12% and 55% of the cultured gynophores developed into pods at pH 3.0 and 4.0, respectively, compared with 91–95% at pH ≥ 5.0.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Pods at pH 3.0 contained no seeds.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- Podse0
- Treatment
- pH 3.0e0
- Outcome
- no seedse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pods produced at pH 3.0 contained no seeds and those produced at pH 4.0 had a hollow, dark colored area in the cotyledon.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Pods at pH 4.0 had a hollow, dark cotyledon area.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- cotyledone0
- Treatment
- pH 4.0e0
- Outcome
- hollow, dark colored area in the cotyledone0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pods produced at pH 3.0 contained no seeds and those produced at pH 4.0 had a hollow, dark colored area in the cotyledon.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Normal seeds and embryos formed at pH ≥ 5.0.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- pH ≥ 5.0e0
- Outcome
- Normal seeds and embryos were formede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Normal seeds and embryos were formed at pH ≥ 5.0, and plumule development was faster at solution pH ≥ 5.0 than at pH 4.0.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Plumule development was faster at pH ≥ 5.0 than at pH 4.0.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- solution pH ≥ 5.0e0
- Outcome
- plumule developmente0
- Direction
- fastere0
- Comparator
- pH 4.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Normal seeds and embryos were formed at pH ≥ 5.0, and plumule development was faster at solution pH ≥ 5.0 than at pH 4.0.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod dry mass reached 90% of maximum at pH 5.62–6.69.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- pH 5.62–6.69e0
- Outcome
- Pod and kernel dry masse0
- Direction
- optimisede0
- Value
- 90% of maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pod and kernel dry mass were optimised (90% of maximum) at pH 5.62–6.69 and 5.65–6.78, respectively.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
kernel dry mass reached 90% of maximum at 5.65–6.78.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 5.65–6.78e0
- Outcome
- kernel dry masse0
- Direction
- optimisede0
- Value
- 90% of maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pod and kernel dry mass were optimised (90% of maximum) at pH 5.62–6.69 and 5.65–6.78, respectively.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Septate and non-septate pod hairs formed across all tested pH regimes.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- all solution pH regimese0
- Outcome
- Septate and non-septate pod hairs were formede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Septate and non-septate pod hairs were formed at all solution pH regimes, but were denser and more persistent at the higher pH.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod hairs were denser at higher pH.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- higher pHe0
- Outcome
- pod hairse0
- Direction
- densere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Septate and non-septate pod hairs were formed at all solution pH regimes, but were denser and more persistent at the higher pH.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod hairs were more persistent at higher pH.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- higher pHe0
- Outcome
- pod hairse0
- Direction
- more persistente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Septate and non-septate pod hairs were formed at all solution pH regimes, but were denser and more persistent at the higher pH.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel calcium concentration decreased as pH decreased.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- decreasing pHe0
- Outcome
- Kernel calcium (Ca) concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kernel calcium (Ca) concentration decreased with decreasing pH, and was highly correlated with solution pH.”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel calcium concentration was highly correlated with solution pH.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- Kernel calcium (Ca) concentratione0
- Setting
- solution pHe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kernel calcium (Ca) concentration decreased with decreasing pH, and was highly correlated with solution pH.”
t0“groundnut”
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