Abstract
We investigated potential post-emergence herbicides for managing broadleaf weeds in broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, and cauliflower, as no products are currently registered for these uses in Australia. Subsequent to spraying clopyralid, picloram, or pyridate 5 weeks after direct-sowing broccoli or Chinese cabbage, or transplanting cabbage or cauliflower seedlings, we recorded crop phytotoxicity symptoms, measured marketable crop yields, and assessed weed control achieved. Neither maximum application rates of 90 g clopyralid/ha, nor 45 g clopyralid/ha mixed with 30 g picloram/ha, adversely affected vegetable yields. Spraying 60 g/ha clopyralid controlled burr medic ( Medicago polymorpha ), and suppressed common sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus ). Applying 90 g clopyralid/ha, or mixing 22.5 g clopyralid/ha with 15 g picloram/ha, controlled both burr medic and common sowthistle. At the rates tested, neither clopyralid nor picloram affected deadnettle ( Lamium amplexicaule ). Applying 450 g pyridate/ha caused chlorotic spotting of the sprayed vegetable leaves, but did not affect marketable yields of broccoli, cabbage or cauliflower. This rate controlled deadnettle, reduced sowthistle growth by only 30–50% compared with an unweeded control, and had no impact on burr medic. Spraying 900 g pyridate/ha increased the severity and persistence of chlorotic spotting, and resulted in lower broccoli and Chinese cabbage yields than obtained in the best treatments in the respective experiments. Cabbage and cauliflower yields were unaffected by spraying 900 g pyridate/ha. This rate improved sowthistle control to a commercially acceptable level. Our studies suggest that both clopyralid and pyridate could be successfully utilised in Australian vegetable brassica production, providing issues of the residual activity of clopyralid on following crops, and optimal application rates and timing for pyridate, were resolved.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Clopyralid at a maximum rate of 90 g/ha did not adversely affect vegetable yields.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Brassica oleracea var. italica
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0 - Treatment
- 90 g clopyralid/hae1
- Outcome
- vegetable yieldse1
- Direction
- adversely affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Neither maximum application rates of 90 g clopyralid/ha, nor 45 g clopyralid/ha mixed with 30 g picloram/ha, adversely affected vegetable yields”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Clopyralid at 45 g/ha mixed with picloram at 30 g/ha did not adversely affect vegetable yields.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 45 g clopyralid/ha mixed with 30 g picloram/hae1
- Outcome
- vegetable yieldse1
- Direction
- adversely affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Neither maximum application rates of 90 g clopyralid/ha, nor 45 g clopyralid/ha mixed with 30 g picloram/ha, adversely affected vegetable yields”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 60 g/ha clopyralid controlled burr medic.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 60 g/ha clopyralide1
- Interactor
- burr medice1weed
- Outcome
- controlled burr medice1
- Direction
- controllede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spraying 60 g/ha clopyralid controlled burr medic”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 60 g/ha clopyralid suppressed common sowthistle.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 60 g/ha clopyralide1
- Interactor
- common sowthistle
Sonchus oleraceuse1weed - Outcome
- suppressed common sowthistlee1
- Direction
- suppressede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spraying 60 g/ha clopyralid controlled burr medic ( Medicago polymorpha ), and suppressed common sowthistle”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 90 g clopyralid/ha controlled both burr medic and common sowthistle.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 90 g clopyralid/hae1
- Interactor
- burr medice1weed
- Second interactor
- common sowthistleSonchus oleraceuse1weed
- Outcome
- controlled both burr medic and common sowthistlee1
- Direction
- controllede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Applying 90 g clopyralid/ha, or mixing 22.5 g clopyralid/ha with 15 g picloram/ha, controlled both burr medic and common sowthistle”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixing 22.5 g clopyralid/ha with 15 g picloram/ha controlled both burr medic and common sowthistle.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- mixing 22.5 g clopyralid/ha with 15 g picloram/hae1
- Interactor
- burr medice1weed
- Second interactor
- common sowthistleSonchus oleraceuse1weed
- Outcome
- controlled both burr medic and common sowthistlee1
- Direction
- controllede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Applying 90 g clopyralid/ha, or mixing 22.5 g clopyralid/ha with 15 g picloram/ha, controlled both burr medic and common sowthistle”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
At the rates tested, clopyralid did not affect deadnettle.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- clopyralide1
- Interactor
- deadnettlee1weed
- Outcome
- affected deadnettlee1
- Direction
- affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“At the rates tested, neither clopyralid nor picloram affected deadnettle”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
At the rates tested, picloram did not affect deadnettle.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- piclorame1
- Interactor
- deadnettlee1weed
- Outcome
- affected deadnettlee1
- Direction
- affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“At the rates tested, neither clopyralid nor picloram affected deadnettle”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 450 g pyridate/ha caused chlorotic spotting of the sprayed vegetable leaves.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- 450 g pyridate/hae1
- Outcome
- chlorotic spottinge1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Applying 450 g pyridate/ha caused chlorotic spotting of the sprayed vegetable leaves”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 450 g pyridate/ha did not affect marketable yields of broccoli, cabbage or cauliflower.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 450 g pyridate/hae1
- Outcome
- marketable yieldse1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Applying 450 g pyridate/ha caused chlorotic spotting of the sprayed vegetable leaves, but did not affect marketable yields of broccoli, cabbage or cauliflower”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyridate at 450 g/ha controlled deadnettle.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 450 g pyridate/hae0
- Interactor
- deadnettlee1weed
- Outcome
- controlled deadnettlee1
- Direction
- controllede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying 450 g pyridate/ha”
e1“This rate controlled deadnettle”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyridate at 450 g/ha reduced sowthistle growth by only 30-50% compared with an unweeded control.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 450 g pyridate/hae0
- Interactor
- sowthistlee1weed
- Outcome
- sowthistle growthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 30–50%e1
- Comparator
- unweeded controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying 450 g pyridate/ha”
e1“reduced sowthistle growth by only 30–50% compared with an unweeded control”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyridate at 450 g/ha had no impact on burr medic.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 450 g pyridate/hae0
- Interactor
- burr medice1weed
- Outcome
- impact on burr medice1
- Direction
- no impacte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying 450 g pyridate/ha”
e1“had no impact on burr medic”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 900 g pyridate/ha increased the severity and persistence of chlorotic spotting.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 900 g pyridate/hae1
- Outcome
- severity and persistence of chlorotic spottinge1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spraying 900 g pyridate/ha increased the severity and persistence of chlorotic spotting”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 900 g pyridate/ha resulted in lower broccoli and Chinese cabbage yields than in the best treatments of the respective experiments.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 900 g pyridate/hae0
- Outcome
- broccoli and Chinese cabbage yieldse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- the best treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying 900 g pyridate/ha”
e1“resulted in lower broccoli and Chinese cabbage yields than obtained in the best treatments in the respective experiments”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Cabbage and cauliflower yields were unaffected by spraying 900 g pyridate/ha.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 900 g pyridate/hae1
- Outcome
- Cabbage and cauliflower yieldse1
- Direction
- unaffectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Cabbage and cauliflower yields were unaffected by spraying 900 g pyridate/ha”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyridate at 900 g/ha improved sowthistle control to a commercially acceptable level.
- Taxon
- broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytisBrassica oleracea var. capitataBrassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- 900 g pyridate/hae0
- Interactor
- sowthistlee1weed
- Outcome
- sowthistle controle1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying 900 g pyridate/ha”
e1“This rate improved sowthistle control to a commercially acceptable level”
t0“broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that clopyralid and pyridate could be successfully used in Australian vegetable brassica production, once residual activity of clopyralid on following crops and optimal pyridate rates and timing are resolved.
Verbatim
e0“both clopyralid and pyridate could be successfully utilised in Australian vegetable brassica production”
The same questions in other papers
Pyridate · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
clopyralid · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Pyridate · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.