Abstract
Lignin biosynthesis is essential for plant growth. 4‐Coumarate CoA ligase (4‐CL, EC6.2.1.12) is involved in the monolignol synthesis and occupies a key role in regulating carbon flow into the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway. Naringenin, one of the metabolites in this pathway, is known as a potent in vitro inhibitor of 4‐CL. The growth of rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari), maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Yellow corn) and Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing seedlings at the 2nd leaf stage was inhibited after continuous root application with 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenin for 1 week, although naringenin did not kill these gramineous plants. The highest inhibition of fresh weight increase was observed in maize, followed by rice and E. oryzicola . The symptoms in these plants were root browning, delay of leaf/root development and shoot dwarfing. Naringenin treatment increased the contents of 4‐CL substrates, cinnamic acid, 4‐coumaric acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid from 1.2 to 7.2 times and from 1.2 to 3.5 times in shoots and roots, respectively, except for ferulic acid in E. oryzicola roots. It also caused a slight decrease of the lignin content and alteration of lignin constitutions in rice plants. These results suggested that the monolignol pathways after 4‐CL towards lignin has the possibility to be the novel action sites of plant growth retardants, although further investigations are needed to clarify the mode of action.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous root application of 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenin inhibited rice seedling growth.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Material
- Koshihikarie1
- Organ / stage
- 2nd leaf stagee1
- Treatment
- root application with 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenine1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The growth of rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari), maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Yellow corn) and Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing seedlings at the 2nd leaf stage was inhibited after continuous root application with 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenin for 1 week”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous root application of 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenin inhibited maize seedling growth.
- Material
- Yellow corne1
- Organ / stage
- 2nd leaf stagee1
- Treatment
- root application with 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenine1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The growth of rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari), maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Yellow corn) and Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing seedlings at the 2nd leaf stage was inhibited after continuous root application with 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenin for 1 week”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous root application of 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenin inhibited Echinochloa oryzicola seedling growth.
- Taxon
- Echinochloa oryzicolaEchinochloa oryzicolae1
- Organ / stage
- 2nd leaf stagee1
- Treatment
- root application with 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenine1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The growth of rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari), maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Yellow corn) and Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing seedlings at the 2nd leaf stage was inhibited after continuous root application with 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenin for 1 week”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize showed the highest inhibition of fresh weight increase, followed by rice and E. oryzicola.
- Treatment
- naringenine1
- Outcome
- inhibition of fresh weight increasee2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Comparator
- rice and E. oryzicolae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“root application with 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenin for 1 week”
e2“The highest inhibition of fresh weight increase was observed in maize, followed by rice and E. oryzicola”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin increased shoot contents of 4-CL substrates by 1.2 to 7.2 times.
- Taxon
- gramineous plantst0
- Organ / stage
- shootse4
- Treatment
- Naringenin treatmente0
- Outcome
- contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.2 to 7.2 timese4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“gramineous plants”
e0“Naringenin treatment increased the contents of”
e4“from 1.2 to 7.2 times and from 1.2 to 3.5 times in shoots and roots, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin increased root contents of 4-CL substrates by 1.2 to 3.5 times, except ferulic acid in E. oryzicola roots.
- Taxon
- gramineous plantst0
- Organ / stage
- rootse4
- Treatment
- Naringenin treatmente0
- Outcome
- contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.2 to 3.5 timese4
- Qualifier
- except for ferulic acid in E. oryzicola rootse5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“gramineous plants”
e0“Naringenin treatment increased the contents of”
e4“from 1.2 to 7.2 times and from 1.2 to 3.5 times in shoots and roots, respectively”
e5“except for ferulic acid in E. oryzicola roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin caused a slight decrease of lignin content in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- naringenine1
- Outcome
- lignin contente3
- Direction
- slight decreasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“root application with 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenin for 1 week”
e3“caused a slight decrease of the lignin content and alteration of lignin constitutions in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin altered lignin constitution in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- naringenine1
- Outcome
- lignin constitutionse3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“root application with 0.1 mmol L −1 naringenin for 1 week”
e3“caused a slight decrease of the lignin content and alteration of lignin constitutions in rice plants”