Abstract
Abstract At the beginning of the 1990s, insecticides with novel modes of action, such as buprofezin, pyriproxyfen and diafenthiuron, were introduced for controlling the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in cotton and other crops. In order to delay the onset of resistance to these novel insecticides, as well as to the efficient conventional ones, an insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy was implemented in 1987 in cotton fields in Israel. The main purposes have been to combat resistance to available, efficient insecticides and to prolong the life‐span of new insecticides by optimizing their use and preserving natural enemies during the peak of their activity. A rotation programme was applied, using insecticides of different modes of action, rotated according to the generation duration of the relevant pests. The strategy included explanatory and educational campaigns, and was accompanied by an extensive resistance monitoring programme conducted throughout the year in greenhouses and during the summer in cotton fields. Bioassays of whiteflies collected from cotton fields indicated that one treatment with pyriproxyfen in cotton fields during a one‐month period, followed by an additional treatment with buprofezin (if required), did not markedly alter the susceptibility of B. tabaci to either compound. In addition, no appreciable increase of resistance to the available conventional insecticides was observed, although some changes in susceptibility were noticed during the cotton season. In some greenhouses without an IRM programme, a c. tenfold increase in resistance to buprofezin was found after two or three applications of this compound in each season. A c. 500‐fold increase of resistance to pyriproxyfen was recorded after three successive applications of this compound in a greenhouse. These findings demonstrate the necessity for an IRM strategy to be implemented in both open fields and greenhouses.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
A pyriproxyfen treatment followed by buprofezin did not markedly alter B. tabaci susceptibility in cotton fields.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- one treatment with pyriproxyfen in cotton fields during a one‐month period, followed by an additional treatment with buprofezin (if required)e0
- Interactor
- B. tabaci
Bemisia tabacie0pest - Outcome
- susceptibility of B. tabacie0
- Direction
- did not markedly altere0
- Setting
- cotton fieldse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“one treatment with pyriproxyfen in cotton fields during a one‐month period, followed by an additional treatment with buprofezin (if required), did not markedly alter the susceptibility of B. tabaci to either compound”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance to conventional insecticides did not increase appreciably, although susceptibility shifted during the cotton season.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- resistance to the available conventional insecticidese0
- Direction
- no appreciable increasee0
- Qualifier
- some changes in susceptibility were noticed during the cotton seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no appreciable increase of resistance to the available conventional insecticides was observed, although some changes in susceptibility were noticed during the cotton season”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Buprofezin resistance increased about tenfold after two or three applications per season in greenhouses without IRM.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- two or three applications of this compound in each seasone0
- Outcome
- resistance to buprofezine0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- c. tenfolde0
- Setting
- greenhousese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In some greenhouses without an IRM programme, a c. tenfold increase in resistance to buprofezin was found after two or three applications of this compound in each season”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyriproxyfen resistance increased about 500-fold after three successive greenhouse applications.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- three successive applications of this compounde0
- Outcome
- resistance to pyriproxyfene0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- c. 500‐folde0
- Setting
- a greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A c. 500‐fold increase of resistance to pyriproxyfen was recorded after three successive applications of this compound in a greenhouse”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend resistance management in fields and greenhouses.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- IRM strategy to be implemented in both open fields and greenhousese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“necessity for an IRM strategy to be implemented in both open fields and greenhouses”
t0“cotton”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.