Abstract
1. Iceland has vast areas of mobile sand resulting from volcanic glacier bursts and erosion. Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands for use in extensive land reclamation programmes. We investigated the economic use of fertilizer treatments in managing the production of seeds, and to facilitate the establishment and survival of seedlings. 2. Seed yield could be increased dramatically in coastal dunes by the application of nitrogen fertilizers, mainly as a result of increased flowering-spike density. Little short-term advantage accrued from additions of phosphorus or potassium. Additions of N (rapid-release formulations) at 50-100 kg ha-1 could be highly cost-effective in providing the current production from a much smaller area of dunes or in increasing seed production. Other consequences would be to minimize the environmental impact of harvesting and to allow more focused management of the seed resource. If periodic applications of P and K should prove necessary to maintain yield, they would be economically justifiable. 3. Establishment of seedlings on volcanic, sandy barrens over the first two seasons from sowing was improved by the application of slow-release fertilizers; however, rapid-release formulations applied annually, produced a similar tiller density and biomass after 4 years more economically. Untreated control populations became extinct over the same period, underlining the necessity for nutrient addition. A sand-culture experiment indicated that plants severely deprived of P allocated more dry mass to roots and rhizomes, and those deprived of K allocated more to above-ground parts. These responses might be manipulated to improve establishment in slowly and rapidly accreting environments, respectively. 4. The seed production of moribund, late-successional stands could not be rejuvenated by fertilizer application. On the contrary, where there was a vegetational response, competing species were stimulated at the expense of L. arenarius.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer markedly increased seed yield in coastal dunes.
- Taxon
- Leymus arenarius
Leymus arenariuse1 - Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- coastal dunese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed yield could be increased dramatically in coastal dunes by the application of nitrogen fertilizers, mainly as a result of increased flowering-spike density.”
e1“Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer increased flowering-spike density.
- Taxon
- Leymus arenariusLeymus arenariuse1
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- flowering-spike densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed yield could be increased dramatically in coastal dunes by the application of nitrogen fertilizers, mainly as a result of increased flowering-spike density.”
e1“Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus additions provided little short-term advantage.
- Taxon
- Leymus arenariusLeymus arenariuse1
- Treatment
- phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- short-term advantagee0
- Direction
- Littlee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Little short-term advantage accrued from additions of phosphorus or potassium.”
e1“Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium additions provided little short-term advantage.
- Taxon
- Leymus arenariusLeymus arenariuse1
- Treatment
- potassiume0
- Outcome
- short-term advantagee0
- Direction
- Littlee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Little short-term advantage accrued from additions of phosphorus or potassium.”
e1“Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapid-release nitrogen at 50-100 kg ha-1 could produce seed cost-effectively from a smaller dune area or increase seed output.
- Taxon
- Leymus arenariusLeymus arenariuse1
- Treatment
- N (rapid-release formulations) at 50-100 kg ha-1e0
- Outcome
- seed productione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Setting
- dunese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additions of N (rapid-release formulations) at 50-100 kg ha-1 could be highly cost-effective in providing the current production from a much smaller area of dunes or in increasing seed production.”
e1“Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Slow-release fertilizer improved seedling establishment during the first two seasons on volcanic sandy barrens.
- Taxon
- Leymus arenariusLeymus arenariuse1
- Treatment
- slow-release fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Establishment of seedlingse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- volcanic, sandy barrense0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Establishment of seedlings on volcanic, sandy barrens over the first two seasons from sowing was improved by the application of slow-release fertilizers”
e1“Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual rapid-release fertilizer produced similar tiller density and biomass after four years more economically.
- Taxon
- Leymus arenariusLeymus arenariuse1
- Treatment
- rapid-release formulations applied annuallye0
- Outcome
- tiller density and biomasse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- after 4 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rapid-release formulations applied annually, produced a similar tiller density and biomass after 4 years more economically.”
e1“Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated control seedling populations became extinct over four years.
- Taxon
- Leymus arenariusLeymus arenariuse1
- Treatment
- Untreatede0
- Outcome
- populationse0
- Direction
- became extincte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Untreated control populations became extinct over the same period, underlining the necessity for nutrient addition.”
e1“Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe phosphorus deprivation increased dry-mass allocation to roots and rhizomes.
- Taxon
- Leymus arenariusLeymus arenariuse1
- Treatment
- severely deprived of Pe0
- Outcome
- dry mass to roots and rhizomese0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A sand-culture experiment indicated that plants severely deprived of P allocated more dry mass to roots and rhizomes, and those deprived of K allocated more to above-ground parts.”
e1“Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deprivation increased dry-mass allocation to above-ground parts.
- Taxon
- Leymus arenariusLeymus arenariuse1
- Treatment
- deprived of Ke0
- Outcome
- above-ground partse0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A sand-culture experiment indicated that plants severely deprived of P allocated more dry mass to roots and rhizomes, and those deprived of K allocated more to above-ground parts.”
e1“Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer failed to rejuvenate seed production in moribund late-successional stands.
- Taxon
- Leymus arenariusLeymus arenariuse1
- Treatment
- fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- seed productione0
- Direction
- could not be rejuvenatede0
- Qualifier
- moribund, late-successional standse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed production of moribund, late-successional stands could not be rejuvenated by fertilizer application.”
e1“Seed of the coastal, dune-building grass Leymus arenarius is harvested from natural stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Where vegetation responded, fertilizer stimulated competing species at the expense of Leymus arenarius.
- Taxon
- L. arenariusLeymus arenariuse0
- Interactor
- competing speciese0weed
- Outcome
- competing speciese0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the contrary, where there was a vegetational response, competing species were stimulated at the expense of L. arenarius.”