Abstract
Abstract A procedure was developed for extraction of ‘free’ condensed tannins (CT) using a mixture of acetone/water/diethyl ether (4.7:2.0:3.3), followed by extraction of protein‐bound and fibre‐bound CT using boiling sodium dodecyl sulphate containing 2‐mercaptoethanol (SDS). CT concentrations in all three fractions were determined by a modified butanol‐HCI procedure. Separate standard curves using purified CT in water or SDS solution were utilised for analysis of extractable CT (water standards) and protein‐bound and fibre‐bound CT (SDS standards). The method accurately predicted the concentration of CT added to forage extracts. CT extractable in acetone/water/diethyl ether comprised, on average. 68% of total CT in a range of freeze dried forage legume samples, with most of the remainder being bound to protein. When total CT concentration was low (0.6‐3.0% DM), a lower proportion was extractable (33‐35%). In protein concentrate meals containing CT, the extractable, protein‐bound and fibre‐bound components comprised 15, 60 and 25% respectively of total CT. Total CT concentration in the forages Lotus corniculatus and Coronilla varia was considered appropriate for ruminant nutrition (2.1 and 3.0% DM). whilst CT concentration in the forage of Dorycnium spp (13–19% DM) was more suitable for soil conservation purposes. The substantial CT concentration in cottonseed meal (1.6% DM) may be involved in the high resistance of proteins in this product to ruminal degradation. CT concentration was indistinguishable from zero in perennial ryegrass forage, in barley and triticale grains and in soya bean meal (0.1% DM).
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
The method accurately predicted condensed tannin added to forage extracts.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The method accurately predicted the concentration of CT added to forage extracts.”
Claim · model-written summary
Extractable condensed tannin averaged 68% of total tannin in forage legumes.
Verbatim
e0“CT extractable in acetone/water/diethyl ether comprised, on average. 68% of total CT in a range of freeze dried forage legume samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Most remaining tannin in forage legumes was protein bound.
Verbatim
e0“CT extractable in acetone/water/diethyl ether comprised, on average. 68% of total CT in a range of freeze dried forage legume samples, with most of the remainder being bound to protein.”
t0“forage plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At low total tannin concentration, the extractable proportion was 33–35%.
Verbatim
e0“When total CT concentration was low (0.6‐3.0% DM), a lower proportion was extractable (33‐35%).”
t0“forage plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Extractable tannin comprised 15% of total tannin in protein concentrate meals.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In protein concentrate meals containing CT, the extractable, protein‐bound and fibre‐bound components comprised 15, 60 and 25% respectively of total CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein bound tannin comprised 60% of total tannin in protein concentrate meals.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In protein concentrate meals containing CT, the extractable, protein‐bound and fibre‐bound components comprised 15, 60 and 25% respectively of total CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fibre bound tannin comprised 25% of total tannin in protein concentrate meals.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In protein concentrate meals containing CT, the extractable, protein‐bound and fibre‐bound components comprised 15, 60 and 25% respectively of total CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lotus corniculatus forage had 2.1% DM total tannin, considered appropriate for ruminant nutrition.
- Taxon
- Lotus corniculatus
_Lotus_corniculatus_-_Plant_habit.jpg?width=60)
Lotus corniculatuse0 - Outcome
- Total CT concentratione0
- Value
- 2.1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Lotus_corniculatus_-_Plant_habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Total CT concentration in the forages Lotus corniculatus and Coronilla varia was considered appropriate for ruminant nutrition (2.1 and 3.0% DM).”
Claim · model-written summary
Coronilla varia forage had 3.0% DM total tannin, considered appropriate for ruminant nutrition.
- Taxon
- Coronilla varia
Securigera variae0 - Outcome
- Total CT concentratione0
- Value
- 3.0% DMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total CT concentration in the forages Lotus corniculatus and Coronilla varia was considered appropriate for ruminant nutrition (2.1 and 3.0% DM).”
Claim · model-written summary
Dorycnium forage tannin concentration was 13–19% DM and was considered better suited to soil conservation.
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
LotusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“CT concentration in the forage of Dorycnium spp (13–19% DM) was more suitable for soil conservation purposes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cottonseed meal contained 1.6% DM condensed tannin, potentially related to resistance of proteins to ruminal degradation.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The substantial CT concentration in cottonseed meal (1.6% DM) may be involved in the high resistance of proteins in this product to ruminal degradation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannin was indistinguishable from zero in perennial ryegrass forage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennee0 - Outcome
- CT concentratione0
- Direction
- indistinguishable from zeroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CT concentration was indistinguishable from zero in perennial ryegrass forage, in barley and triticale grains and in soya bean meal (0.1% DM).”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannin was indistinguishable from zero in barley grains.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Outcome
- CT concentratione0
- Direction
- indistinguishable from zeroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“CT concentration was indistinguishable from zero in perennial ryegrass forage, in barley and triticale grains and in soya bean meal (0.1% DM).”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannin was indistinguishable from zero in triticale grains.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalee0 - Outcome
- CT concentratione0
- Direction
- indistinguishable from zeroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CT concentration was indistinguishable from zero in perennial ryegrass forage, in barley and triticale grains and in soya bean meal (0.1% DM).”
Claim · model-written summary
Soya bean meal contained 0.1% DM condensed tannin, indistinguishable from zero.
Verbatim
e0“CT concentration was indistinguishable from zero in perennial ryegrass forage, in barley and triticale grains and in soya bean meal (0.1% DM).”