Abstract
Abstract: We investigated, by means of topical, residual and field assays, the toxicity of four insecticides ( Bacillus thuringiensis , azadirachtin, flufenoxuron and ethofenprox) to adult, larvae and eggs of the Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus and their side‐effects on the adults of the solitary egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens , its natural enemy. In the topical toxicity experiment, both flufenoxuron and ethofenprox severely affected G. scutellatus , causing 100% adult mortality after 7 days, and 75 and 100% larval mortality, respectively. Ethofenprox also caused 93% larval pre‐eclosion mortality and 100% parasitoid mortality. In the residual experiment, azadirachtin acted as an effective larvicide when ingested (73% mortality after 7 days). Ethofenprox showed the highest toxicity, with 100% mortality of adults and larvae of G. scutellatus after 24 h. On the day 7 of observation, flufenoxuron resulted in 93% adult mortality and 100% larval mortality. After contact with residuals, only ethofenprox and flufenoxuron had adversely affected A. nitens (98% mortality after 48 h). Bacillus thuringiensis exhibited only a slight activity against the pest or the parasitoid. The field experiment was carried out on three localities, with a preliminary sampling, and three samplings after the applications of the products, on days 7, 14 and 30. We evaluated the parasitism rate, parasitoid sex ratio, parasitoid pre‐eclosion mortality, the abundance of G. scutellatus adults, larvae and egg capsules, the pre‐eclosion mortality rate of weevil eggs and larvae and the foliar damage. Only fluenoxuron and ethofenprox reduced the pest population and the foliar damages, but ethofenprox also significantly decreased the rate of parasitism (17%) after 7 days. Given our experimental results, we suggest that flufenoxuron and azadirachtin could be used in association with the natural enemy.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Topical flufenoxuron caused 100% adult beetle mortality after seven days.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus
.jpg?width=60)
Eucalyptust0 - Treatment
- flufenoxurone0
- Interactor
- G. scutellatusGonipterus scutellatuse0pest
- Outcome
- adult mortalitye0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“both flufenoxuron and ethofenprox severely affected G. scutellatus , causing 100% adult mortality after 7 days”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle”
Claim · model-written summary
Topical ethofenprox caused 100% adult beetle mortality after seven days.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- ethofenproxe0
- Interactor
- G. scutellatusGonipterus scutellatuse0pest
- Outcome
- adult mortalitye0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both flufenoxuron and ethofenprox severely affected G. scutellatus , causing 100% adult mortality after 7 days”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle”
Claim · model-written summary
Topical flufenoxuron caused 75% larval beetle mortality.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- flufenoxurone0
- Interactor
- Gonipterus scutellatusGonipterus scutellatust0pest
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 75e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both flufenoxuron and ethofenprox severely affected G. scutellatus , causing 100% adult mortality after 7 days, and 75 and 100% larval mortality, respectively”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Topical ethofenprox caused 100% larval beetle mortality.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- ethofenproxe0
- Interactor
- Gonipterus scutellatusGonipterus scutellatust0pest
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both flufenoxuron and ethofenprox severely affected G. scutellatus , causing 100% adult mortality after 7 days, and 75 and 100% larval mortality, respectively”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethofenprox caused 93% larval pre eclosion mortality.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- Ethofenproxe0
- Interactor
- Gonipterus scutellatusGonipterus scutellatust0pest
- Outcome
- larval pre‐eclosion mortalitye0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 93%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethofenprox also caused 93% larval pre‐eclosion mortality”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethofenprox caused 100% parasitoid mortality.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- Ethofenproxe0
- Interactor
- parasitoide0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitoid mortalitye0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethofenprox also caused 93% larval pre‐eclosion mortality and 100% parasitoid mortality”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Ingested azadirachtin caused 73% larval mortality after seven days.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- azadirachtine0
- Interactor
- Gonipterus scutellatusGonipterus scutellatust0pest
- Outcome
- larvicidee0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 73%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“azadirachtin acted as an effective larvicide when ingested (73% mortality after 7 days)”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual ethofenprox caused 100% adult beetle mortality after 24 hours.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- Ethofenproxe0
- Interactor
- G. scutellatusGonipterus scutellatuse0pest
- Outcome
- mortality of adultse0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethofenprox showed the highest toxicity, with 100% mortality of adults and larvae of G. scutellatus after 24 h”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual ethofenprox caused 100% larval beetle mortality after 24 hours.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- Ethofenproxe0
- Interactor
- G. scutellatusGonipterus scutellatuse0pest
- Outcome
- mortality of adults and larvae of G. scutellatuse0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethofenprox showed the highest toxicity, with 100% mortality of adults and larvae of G. scutellatus after 24 h”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual flufenoxuron caused 93% adult beetle mortality on day seven.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- flufenoxurone0
- Interactor
- Gonipterus scutellatusGonipterus scutellatust0pest
- Outcome
- adult mortalitye0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 93%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flufenoxuron resulted in 93% adult mortality and 100% larval mortality”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual flufenoxuron caused 100% larval beetle mortality on day seven.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- flufenoxurone0
- Interactor
- Gonipterus scutellatusGonipterus scutellatust0pest
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flufenoxuron resulted in 93% adult mortality and 100% larval mortality”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual ethofenprox adversely affected parasitoids, with 98% mortality after 48 hours.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- ethofenproxe0
- Interactor
- A. nitensAnaphes nitense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- adversely affectede0
- Value
- 98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only ethofenprox and flufenoxuron had adversely affected A. nitens (98% mortality after 48 h)”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual flufenoxuron adversely affected parasitoids, with 98% mortality after 48 hours.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- flufenoxurone0
- Interactor
- A. nitensAnaphes nitense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- adversely affectede0
- Value
- 98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only ethofenprox and flufenoxuron had adversely affected A. nitens (98% mortality after 48 h)”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus thuringiensis had slight activity against the beetle and parasitoid.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- Bacillus thuringiensise0
- Interactor
- Gonipterus scutellatusGonipterus scutellatust0pest
- Second interactor
- parasitoide0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- slight activity against the pest or the parasitoide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus thuringiensis exhibited only a slight activity against the pest or the parasitoid”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Field flufenoxuron reduced beetle populations and foliar damage.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- fluenoxurone0
- Interactor
- Gonipterus scutellatusGonipterus scutellatust0pest
- Outcome
- pest population and the foliar damagese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only fluenoxuron and ethofenprox reduced the pest population and the foliar damages”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Field ethofenprox reduced beetle populations and foliar damage.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- ethofenproxe0
- Interactor
- Gonipterus scutellatusGonipterus scutellatust0pest
- Outcome
- pest population and the foliar damagese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only fluenoxuron and ethofenprox reduced the pest population and the foliar damages”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Field ethofenprox significantly reduced parasitism by 17% after seven days.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Treatment
- ethofenproxe0
- Interactor
- parasitisme0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- rate of parasitisme0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethofenprox also significantly decreased the rate of parasitism (17%) after 7 days”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend flufenoxuron with the natural enemy.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Interactor
- natural enemye0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- flufenoxurone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we suggest that flufenoxuron and azadirachtin could be used in association with the natural enemy”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend azadirachtin with the natural enemy.
- Taxon
- EucalyptusEucalyptust0
- Interactor
- natural enemye0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- azadirachtine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we suggest that flufenoxuron and azadirachtin could be used in association with the natural enemy”
t0“Eucalyptus snout‐beetle Gonipterus scutellatus”