Abstract
The effects of hot water treatments of carrot seeds on seed-borne fungi, germination, emergence and yield were studied. Seeds infected with Alternaria dauci were hot water treated at temperatures ranging from 44 to 59°C at intervals of 5°C for periods of 5 to 40 minutes. Lots of different grades of healthy carrot seeds were hot water treated at 50-55°C. In some experiments seed treatments with Trichoderma harzianum, Streptomyces griseovirides or fungicides were included. Seed germination and survival of fungi were investigated in the laboratory and emergence was determined in a growth chamber test. Emergence and yield measurements under field conditions and postharvest evaluation of carrots were made in some experiments. Hot water treatment of carrot seeds at 44, 49 and 54°C generally improved germination of infected seeds and reduced the incidence of A. dauci. Treatments at 54°C for 20 minutes eradicated A. dauci without adversely affecting germination, emergence or yield. A significant correlation (r=0,97) between the incidence of A. dauci and the occurence of abnormal seedlings was found. Small seeds were more sensitive to hot water than larger seeds. In two field experiments seed treatment with iprodione gave higher emergence and seedling weight than hot water treatment, possibly because iprodione may have reduced attack by soil-borne fungi whereas hot water treated seeds would not have been protected against such organisms. Hot water treatment of seeds and seed treatments with the biological control agents had no effect on carrot yield and storage quality but reduced the incidence of the saprophyte Ulocladium atrum on the seeds. The germination percentages found in the laboratory correlated well with the emergence percentages in the growth chamber. It is concluded that hot water treatment is an alternative to fungicides to eradicate seed-borne pathogens in carrots in organic farming systems.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water at 44, 49 and 54°C improved germination of infected carrot seeds.
- Taxon
- carrot seeds
Daucus carotae0 - Treatment
- Hot water treatment of carrot seeds at 44, 49 and 54°Ce0
- Outcome
- germination of infected seedse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hot water treatment of carrot seeds at 44, 49 and 54°C generally improved germination of infected seeds and reduced the incidence of A. dauci.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water at 44, 49 and 54°C reduced A. dauci incidence.
- Taxon
- carrot seedsDaucus carotae0
- Treatment
- Hot water treatment of carrot seeds at 44, 49 and 54°Ce0
- Interactor
- A. dauciAlternaria daucie0pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence of A. daucie0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hot water treatment of carrot seeds at 44, 49 and 54°C generally improved germination of infected seeds and reduced the incidence of A. dauci.”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment at 54°C for 20 minutes eradicated A. dauci.
- Taxon
- carrot seedsDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- Treatments at 54°C for 20 minutese0
- Interactor
- A. dauciAlternaria daucie0pathogen
- Outcome
- A. daucie0
- Direction
- eradicatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments at 54°C for 20 minutes eradicated A. dauci without adversely affecting germination, emergence or yield.”
t0“carrot seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment at 54°C for 20 minutes did not adversely affect germination, emergence or yield.
- Taxon
- carrot seedsDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- Treatments at 54°C for 20 minutese0
- Outcome
- germination, emergence or yielde0
- Direction
- without adversely affectinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments at 54°C for 20 minutes eradicated A. dauci without adversely affecting germination, emergence or yield.”
t0“carrot seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
A. dauci incidence correlated significantly with abnormal seedlings, r=0,97.
- Taxon
- carrot seedsDaucus carotat0
- Interactor
- A. dauciAlternaria daucie0pathogen
- Outcome
- occurence of abnormal seedlingse0
- Value
- r=0,97e0
- Comparator
- incidence of A. daucie0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant correlation (r=0,97) between the incidence of A. dauci and the occurence of abnormal seedlings was found.”
t0“carrot seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Small seeds were more sensitive to hot water than larger seeds.
- Taxon
- carrot seedsDaucus carotat0
- Material
- Small seedse0
- Treatment
- hot watere0
- Outcome
- sensitive to hot watere0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
- Comparator
- larger seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Small seeds were more sensitive to hot water than larger seeds.”
t0“carrot seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Iprodione gave higher emergence and seedling weight than hot water treatment in two field experiments.
- Taxon
- carrot seedsDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- seed treatment with iprodionee0
- Outcome
- emergence and seedling weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- hot water treatmente0
- Setting
- field experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In two field experiments seed treatment with iprodione gave higher emergence and seedling weight than hot water treatment, possibly because iprodione may have reduced attack by soil-borne fungi whereas hot water treated seeds would not have been protected against such organisms.”
t0“carrot seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water and biological control seed treatments had no effect on carrot yield or storage quality.
- Taxon
- carrot seedsDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- Hot water treatment of seeds and seed treatments with the biological control agentse0
- Outcome
- carrot yield and storage qualitye0
- Direction
- had no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hot water treatment of seeds and seed treatments with the biological control agents had no effect on carrot yield and storage quality but reduced the incidence of the saprophyte Ulocladium atrum on the seeds.”
t0“carrot seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water and biological control seed treatments reduced Ulocladium atrum incidence.
- Taxon
- carrot seedsDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- Hot water treatment of seeds and seed treatments with the biological control agentse0
- Interactor
- Ulocladium atrumAlternaria atrae0other
- Outcome
- incidence of the saprophyte Ulocladium atrum on the seedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hot water treatment of seeds and seed treatments with the biological control agents had no effect on carrot yield and storage quality but reduced the incidence of the saprophyte Ulocladium atrum on the seeds.”
t0“carrot seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Laboratory germination percentages correlated well with growth chamber emergence percentages.
- Taxon
- carrot seedsDaucus carotat0
- Outcome
- emergence percentagese0
- Comparator
- germination percentagese0
- Setting
- growth chambere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination percentages found in the laboratory correlated well with the emergence percentages in the growth chamber.”
t0“carrot seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude hot water can replace fungicides to eradicate seed pathogens in organic carrots.
- Taxon
- carrotsDaucus carotae0
- Outcome
- hot water treatment is an alternative to fungicides to eradicate seed-borne pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is concluded that hot water treatment is an alternative to fungicides to eradicate seed-borne pathogens in carrots in organic farming systems.”
The same questions in other papers
seed treatment · growth · Daucus carota (carrot)Results differ
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
29 papers more in this group
See all 33 papers →seed treatment · quality: general · Daucus carota (carrot)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
heat · quality: general · Daucus carota (carrot)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
heat · disease · Daucus carota (carrot)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
heat · Alternaria dauci · Daucus carota (carrot)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.