Abstract
Abstract One of the most important roles of Ca in plants is that of protecting against toxicities of trace metals. Even though this is a function of Ca, at least some of the trace metals in excess do inhibit uptake and/or translocation of Ca. Managanese, when supplid at a very high level to bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green) in solution culture, decreased Ca concentration in leaves, stems, and roots. The inhibition was pronounced for 10(E‐3) and 10(E‐2) M Mn. The decrease for the latter was 76% for leaves, 61% for stems, and 49% for roots. Molybdenum at 10(E‐3) M decreased bush bean leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ca by 38%, 24%, and 16%, respectively. Vanadate at 10(E‐5) M decreased bush bean concentrations of Ca in leaves, stems, and roots by 37%, 50%, and 11%, respectively. Silver at 10(E‐5) M decreased Ca in leaves by 67%. Cadmium at 10(E‐4) M decreased leaf, stem, and root Ca by 76%, 28%, and 61%, respectively. Lithium at 50 ppm in soil decreased yields of bush beans by 75%, but had no effect on Ca in the shoots. In soil, 500 ppm Li decreased shoot yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cultivar Atlas 57) by 66% and Ca concentration by 72%. Nickel (2 X 10(E‐5) M) decreased Ca concentration in bush bean leaves by 45% at 10(E‐4) M Ca, 42% at 10(E‐3) M Ca, and 33% at 10(E‐2) M Ca. In roots the reductions were 35%, 43%, and 44%, respectively. Decreased uptake of Ca caused by excess trace metals could increase their phytotoxicity. Calcium protects plants against imbalances and excesses of trace metals (4,7). Plants may even have a lower need for Ca if certain trace metals are present in low concentrations(5). The level of Ca needed for maximum growth may approach micronutrient levels under such conditions(2). The purpose of this paper is to show that excess trace metals can depress Ca uptake by plants. An implication is that if Ca is in low supply when excesses of some trace metals are present, phytotoxicity could be increased because of depressed Ca uptake resulting in an even lower Ca concentration in plants.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
High manganese reduced bush bean leaves calcium concentration by 76%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- 10(E‐2) M Mne2
- Outcome
- Ca concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 76%e0
- Qualifier
- for the lattere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The decrease for the latter was 76% for leaves, 61% for stems, and 49% for roots.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
e1“Managanese, when supplid at a very high level to bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green) in solution culture, decreased Ca concentration in leaves, stems, and roots.”
e2“The inhibition was pronounced for 10(E‐3) and 10(E‐2) M Mn.”
Claim · model-written summary
High manganese reduced bush bean stems calcium concentration by 61%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Treatment
- 10(E‐2) M Mne2
- Outcome
- Ca concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 61%e0
- Qualifier
- for the lattere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The decrease for the latter was 76% for leaves, 61% for stems, and 49% for roots.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
e1“Managanese, when supplid at a very high level to bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green) in solution culture, decreased Ca concentration in leaves, stems, and roots.”
e2“The inhibition was pronounced for 10(E‐3) and 10(E‐2) M Mn.”
Claim · model-written summary
High manganese reduced bush bean roots calcium concentration by 49%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- 10(E‐2) M Mne2
- Outcome
- Ca concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 49%e0
- Qualifier
- for the lattere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The decrease for the latter was 76% for leaves, 61% for stems, and 49% for roots.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
e1“Managanese, when supplid at a very high level to bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green) in solution culture, decreased Ca concentration in leaves, stems, and roots.”
e2“The inhibition was pronounced for 10(E‐3) and 10(E‐2) M Mn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Molybdenum reduced bush bean leaf calcium concentration by 38%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- Molybdenum at 10(E‐3) Me0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 38%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Molybdenum at 10(E‐3) M decreased bush bean leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ca by 38%, 24%, and 16%, respectively.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
Claim · model-written summary
Molybdenum reduced bush bean stem calcium concentration by 24%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Treatment
- Molybdenum at 10(E‐3) Me0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Molybdenum at 10(E‐3) M decreased bush bean leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ca by 38%, 24%, and 16%, respectively.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
Claim · model-written summary
Molybdenum reduced bush bean root calcium concentration by 16%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Molybdenum at 10(E‐3) Me0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Molybdenum at 10(E‐3) M decreased bush bean leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ca by 38%, 24%, and 16%, respectively.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadate reduced bush bean leaves calcium concentration by 37%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Vanadate at 10(E‐5) Me0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 37%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Vanadate at 10(E‐5) M decreased bush bean concentrations of Ca in leaves, stems, and roots by 37%, 50%, and 11%, respectively.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadate reduced bush bean stems calcium concentration by 50%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Treatment
- Vanadate at 10(E‐5) Me0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Vanadate at 10(E‐5) M decreased bush bean concentrations of Ca in leaves, stems, and roots by 37%, 50%, and 11%, respectively.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadate reduced bush bean roots calcium concentration by 11%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Vanadate at 10(E‐5) Me0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Vanadate at 10(E‐5) M decreased bush bean concentrations of Ca in leaves, stems, and roots by 37%, 50%, and 11%, respectively.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silver reduced leaf calcium by 67%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Silver at 10(E‐5) Me0
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 67%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Silver at 10(E‐5) M decreased Ca in leaves by 67%.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced bush bean leaf calcium by 76%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- Cadmium at 10(E‐4) Me0
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 76%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium at 10(E‐4) M decreased leaf, stem, and root Ca by 76%, 28%, and 61%, respectively.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced bush bean stem calcium by 28%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Treatment
- Cadmium at 10(E‐4) Me0
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium at 10(E‐4) M decreased leaf, stem, and root Ca by 76%, 28%, and 61%, respectively.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced bush bean root calcium by 61%.
- Taxon
- bush beanst0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Cadmium at 10(E‐4) Me0
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 61%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium at 10(E‐4) M decreased leaf, stem, and root Ca by 76%, 28%, and 61%, respectively.”
t0“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tender‐green)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lithium at 50 ppm in soil reduced bush bean yield by 75%.
- Taxon
- bush beanse0
- Treatment
- Lithium at 50 ppm in soile0
- Outcome
- yields of bush beanse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 75%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Lithium at 50 ppm in soil decreased yields of bush beans by 75%, but had no effect on Ca in the shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lithium at 50 ppm did not change shoot calcium in bush beans.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Lithium at 50 ppm in soil decreased yields of bush beans by 75%, but had no effect on Ca in the shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lithium at 500 ppm reduced barley shoot yield by 66%.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- 500 ppm Lie0
- Outcome
- shoot yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 66%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In soil, 500 ppm Li decreased shoot yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cultivar Atlas 57) by 66% and Ca concentration by 72%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lithium at 500 ppm reduced barley calcium concentration by 72%.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- 500 ppm Lie0
- Outcome
- Ca concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 72%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soil, 500 ppm Li decreased shoot yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cultivar Atlas 57) by 66% and Ca concentration by 72%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel reduced bush bean leaf calcium by 45% at 10(E‐4) M Ca.
- Taxon
- bush beane0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Nickel (2 X 10(E‐5) M)e0
- Outcome
- Ca concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 45%e0
- Qualifier
- 10(E‐4) M Cae0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Nickel (2 X 10(E‐5) M) decreased Ca concentration in bush bean leaves by 45% at 10(E‐4) M Ca, 42% at 10(E‐3) M Ca, and 33% at 10(E‐2) M Ca.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel reduced bush bean leaf calcium by 42% at 10(E‐3) M Ca.
- Taxon
- bush beane0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Nickel (2 X 10(E‐5) M)e0
- Outcome
- Ca concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 42%e0
- Qualifier
- 10(E‐3) M Cae0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Nickel (2 X 10(E‐5) M) decreased Ca concentration in bush bean leaves by 45% at 10(E‐4) M Ca, 42% at 10(E‐3) M Ca, and 33% at 10(E‐2) M Ca.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel reduced bush bean leaf calcium by 33% at 10(E‐2) M Ca.
- Taxon
- bush beane0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Nickel (2 X 10(E‐5) M)e0
- Outcome
- Ca concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Qualifier
- 10(E‐2) M Cae0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Nickel (2 X 10(E‐5) M) decreased Ca concentration in bush bean leaves by 45% at 10(E‐4) M Ca, 42% at 10(E‐3) M Ca, and 33% at 10(E‐2) M Ca.”
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