Abstract
The depletion of fresh water resources leads to the utilisation of various alternative sources of water, such as seawater. In this regard, the foliar application of proline is one of the alternative shotgun approaches to increase plant stress tolerance. A pot experiment was conducted in the wire house of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, during the winter season of 2010–2011. The experiment consisted of three concentrations of proline (0, 25 and 50 mM) and two concentrations of diluted seawater (3.13 and 6.25 dS m− 1), whereas control plants were irrigated with tap water (0.23 dS m− 1). Diluted seawater caused significant reductions in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some mineral contents (P, K, Ca+ 2), the K+:Na+ ratio and the level of total carbohydrates. In contrast, N, Na+, and Cl− contents, osmoprotectants (soluble carbohydrates, total phenolic concentrations, free amino acids, proline), and activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) significantly increased with an increasing salinity level compared with control plants. The foliar application of 25 mM proline caused significant increases in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, N, P, K+, and Ca+ 2 %, the K+:Na+ ratio, total carbohydrates, and soluble carbohydrates, accompanied by significant decreases in Na+, Cl−, phenolic contents, free amino acids, proline, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes compared with the control. In addition, 25 mM proline minimised the deleterious effect of salinity on the anatomical structure of the faba bean stem and leaf. The proline treatment at 50 mM was as essentially toxic to faba bean plants as to that of salinity stress. This toxicity was apparent by the reduction of growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, N, P, K+, and Ca+ 2, K+:Na+ ratio and significant increases in Na+ and Cl− concentrations. Therefore, the exogenous application of proline at a concentration of 25 mM partially alleviated the toxicity of diluted seawater on faba bean plants, whereas the 50 mM proline treatment was toxic.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Diluted seawater significantly reduced growth parameters of Vicia faba compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- Vicia faba
Vicia fabat0 - Treatment
- Diluted seawatere0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e0“Diluted seawater caused significant reductions in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some mineral contents (P, K, Ca+ 2), the K+:Na+ ratio and the level of total carbohydrates”
e1“N, Na+, and Cl− contents, osmoprotectants (soluble carbohydrates, total phenolic concentrations, free amino acids, proline), and activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) significantly increased with an increasing salinity level compared with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Diluted seawater significantly reduced photosynthetic pigments of Vicia faba compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Diluted seawatere0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e0“Diluted seawater caused significant reductions in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some mineral contents (P, K, Ca+ 2), the K+:Na+ ratio and the level of total carbohydrates”
e1“N, Na+, and Cl− contents, osmoprotectants (soluble carbohydrates, total phenolic concentrations, free amino acids, proline), and activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) significantly increased with an increasing salinity level compared with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Diluted seawater significantly reduced some mineral contents of Vicia faba, including P, K and Ca.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Diluted seawatere0
- Outcome
- some mineral contentse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Qualifier
- P, K, Ca+ 2e0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e0“Diluted seawater caused significant reductions in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some mineral contents (P, K, Ca+ 2), the K+:Na+ ratio and the level of total carbohydrates”
e1“N, Na+, and Cl− contents, osmoprotectants (soluble carbohydrates, total phenolic concentrations, free amino acids, proline), and activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) significantly increased with an increasing salinity level compared with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Diluted seawater significantly reduced the K+:Na+ ratio of Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Diluted seawatere0
- Outcome
- the K+:Na+ ratioe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e0“Diluted seawater caused significant reductions in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some mineral contents (P, K, Ca+ 2), the K+:Na+ ratio and the level of total carbohydrates”
e1“N, Na+, and Cl− contents, osmoprotectants (soluble carbohydrates, total phenolic concentrations, free amino acids, proline), and activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) significantly increased with an increasing salinity level compared with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Diluted seawater significantly reduced the level of total carbohydrates in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Diluted seawatere0
- Outcome
- the level of total carbohydratese0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e0“Diluted seawater caused significant reductions in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some mineral contents (P, K, Ca+ 2), the K+:Na+ ratio and the level of total carbohydrates”
e1“N, Na+, and Cl− contents, osmoprotectants (soluble carbohydrates, total phenolic concentrations, free amino acids, proline), and activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) significantly increased with an increasing salinity level compared with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Diluted seawater significantly increased N, Na+ and Cl− contents in Vicia faba with increasing salinity.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Diluted seawatere0
- Outcome
- N, Na+, and Cl− contentse1
- Direction
- significantly increasede1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e0“Diluted seawater caused significant reductions in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some mineral contents (P, K, Ca+ 2), the K+:Na+ ratio and the level of total carbohydrates”
e1“N, Na+, and Cl− contents, osmoprotectants (soluble carbohydrates, total phenolic concentrations, free amino acids, proline), and activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) significantly increased with an increasing salinity level compared with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Diluted seawater significantly increased osmoprotectants in Vicia faba compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Diluted seawatere0
- Outcome
- osmoprotectantse1
- Direction
- significantly increasede1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e0“Diluted seawater caused significant reductions in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some mineral contents (P, K, Ca+ 2), the K+:Na+ ratio and the level of total carbohydrates”
e1“N, Na+, and Cl− contents, osmoprotectants (soluble carbohydrates, total phenolic concentrations, free amino acids, proline), and activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) significantly increased with an increasing salinity level compared with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Diluted seawater significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in Vicia faba compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Diluted seawatere0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese1
- Direction
- significantly increasede1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e0“Diluted seawater caused significant reductions in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some mineral contents (P, K, Ca+ 2), the K+:Na+ ratio and the level of total carbohydrates”
e1“N, Na+, and Cl− contents, osmoprotectants (soluble carbohydrates, total phenolic concentrations, free amino acids, proline), and activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) significantly increased with an increasing salinity level compared with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 25 mM proline significantly increased growth parameters of Vicia faba compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- The foliar application of 25 mM prolinee2
- Outcome
- growth parameterse2
- Direction
- significant increasese2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e2“The foliar application of 25 mM proline caused significant increases in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, N, P, K+, and Ca+ 2 %, the K+:Na+ ratio, total carbohydrates, and soluble carbohydrates, accompanied by significant decreases in Na+, Cl−, phenolic contents, free amino acids, proline, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 25 mM proline significantly increased photosynthetic pigments of Vicia faba compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- The foliar application of 25 mM prolinee2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse2
- Direction
- significant increasese2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e2“The foliar application of 25 mM proline caused significant increases in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, N, P, K+, and Ca+ 2 %, the K+:Na+ ratio, total carbohydrates, and soluble carbohydrates, accompanied by significant decreases in Na+, Cl−, phenolic contents, free amino acids, proline, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 25 mM proline significantly increased N, P, K+ and Ca+ 2 in Vicia faba compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- The foliar application of 25 mM prolinee2
- Outcome
- N, P, K+, and Ca+ 2e2
- Direction
- significant increasese2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e2“The foliar application of 25 mM proline caused significant increases in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, N, P, K+, and Ca+ 2 %, the K+:Na+ ratio, total carbohydrates, and soluble carbohydrates, accompanied by significant decreases in Na+, Cl−, phenolic contents, free amino acids, proline, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 25 mM proline significantly decreased Na+ and Cl− in Vicia faba compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- The foliar application of 25 mM prolinee2
- Outcome
- Na+, Cl−e2
- Direction
- significant decreasese2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e2“The foliar application of 25 mM proline caused significant increases in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, N, P, K+, and Ca+ 2 %, the K+:Na+ ratio, total carbohydrates, and soluble carbohydrates, accompanied by significant decreases in Na+, Cl−, phenolic contents, free amino acids, proline, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 25 mM proline significantly decreased phenolic contents, free amino acids and proline in Vicia faba compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- The foliar application of 25 mM prolinee2
- Outcome
- phenolic contents, free amino acids, prolinee2
- Direction
- significant decreasese2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e2“The foliar application of 25 mM proline caused significant increases in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, N, P, K+, and Ca+ 2 %, the K+:Na+ ratio, total carbohydrates, and soluble carbohydrates, accompanied by significant decreases in Na+, Cl−, phenolic contents, free amino acids, proline, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 25 mM proline significantly decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in Vicia faba compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- The foliar application of 25 mM prolinee2
- Outcome
- the activities of antioxidant enzymese2
- Direction
- significant decreasese2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e2“The foliar application of 25 mM proline caused significant increases in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, N, P, K+, and Ca+ 2 %, the K+:Na+ ratio, total carbohydrates, and soluble carbohydrates, accompanied by significant decreases in Na+, Cl−, phenolic contents, free amino acids, proline, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
25 mM proline minimised the deleterious effect of salinity on the anatomical structure of the Vicia faba stem and leaf.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Organ / stage
- stem and leafe3
- Treatment
- 25 mM prolinee3
- Outcome
- anatomical structuree3
- Direction
- minimisede3
- Comparator
- salinitye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e3“In addition, 25 mM proline minimised the deleterious effect of salinity on the anatomical structure of the faba bean stem and leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50 mM proline treatment reduced growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments of Vicia faba relative to salinity stress.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- The proline treatment at 50 mMe4
- Outcome
- growth parameters, photosynthetic pigmentse5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Comparator
- salinity stresse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e4“The proline treatment at 50 mM was as essentially toxic to faba bean plants as to that of salinity stress”
e5“This toxicity was apparent by the reduction of growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, N, P, K+, and Ca+ 2, K+:Na+ ratio and significant increases in Na+ and Cl− concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50 mM proline treatment significantly increased Na+ and Cl− concentrations in Vicia faba relative to salinity stress.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- The proline treatment at 50 mMe4
- Outcome
- Na+ and Cl− concentrationse5
- Direction
- significant increasese5
- Comparator
- salinity stresse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“The changes induced in the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics of Vicia faba by the exogenous application of proline under seawater stress”
e4“The proline treatment at 50 mM was as essentially toxic to faba bean plants as to that of salinity stress”
e5“This toxicity was apparent by the reduction of growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, N, P, K+, and Ca+ 2, K+:Na+ ratio and significant increases in Na+ and Cl− concentrations”
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