Abstract
Though fungicides are regularly applied to creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.) turf throughout a growing season, little is known about possible non‐target effects of these applications on turfgrass growth and metabolism. The objective of this field study was to determine the effect of 3 yr of multiple applications of fungicides to ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass maintained under putting green conditions and on a native silt loam soil. Benomyl [methyl‐1‐(butylcarbamoyl)‐2‐benzimidazolecarbamate] at 3.05 kg ha −1 , iprodione [3‐(3,5‐dichlorophenyl)‐ N ‐(1‐methylethyl)‐2,4‐dioxo‐1‐imidazolidinecarboximide] at 3.05 kg ha −1 , and propiconazole [1‐(2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐propyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazole] at 0.84 kg ha −1 were applied weekly or alternated with chlorothalonil (tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) at 6.36 kg ha −1 . Sixteen applications were made in each of 3 yr. Propiconazole applied weekly or alternated with chlorothalonil increased clipping weights, turned bentgrass dark green, and decreased visual quality throughout the study. Chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and benomyl reduced water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of clippings during the study, this effect was most common in the heat of late summer. Benomyl applied weekly and chlorothalonil applied weekly or alternated with the other fungicides decreased earthworm activity. Propiconazole applied weekly or alternated with chlorothalonil increased damage from pink snow mold ( Microdochium nivale Samuels and I. C. Hallett). Chlorothalonil applied weekly and alternated with the other fungicides increased rooting the last year of the study. Fungicides applied frequently did not have serious negative non‐target effects on Penncross creeping bentgrass.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Weekly propiconazole, or propiconazole alternated with chlorothalonil, increased clipping weights of creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping Bentgrass
Agrostis stoloniferat0 - Treatment
- Propiconazole applied weekly or alternated with chlorothalonile1
- Outcome
- clipping weightse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Creeping Bentgrass Turf”
e1“Propiconazole applied weekly or alternated with chlorothalonil increased clipping weights”
Claim · model-written summary
Weekly propiconazole, or propiconazole alternated with chlorothalonil, turned creeping bentgrass dark green.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- Propiconazole applied weekly or alternated with chlorothalonile1
- Outcome
- dark greene1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Creeping Bentgrass Turf”
e1“Propiconazole applied weekly or alternated with chlorothalonil increased clipping weights, turned bentgrass dark green”
Claim · model-written summary
Weekly propiconazole, or propiconazole alternated with chlorothalonil, decreased visual quality of creeping bentgrass throughout the study.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- Propiconazole applied weekly or alternated with chlorothalonile1
- Outcome
- visual qualitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- throughout the studye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Creeping Bentgrass Turf”
e1“Propiconazole applied weekly or alternated with chlorothalonil increased clipping weights, turned bentgrass dark green, and decreased visual quality throughout the study”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorothalonil reduced water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of creeping bentgrass clippings, most commonly in the heat of late summer.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- Chlorothalonile1
- Outcome
- water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of clippingse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- most common in the heat of late summere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Creeping Bentgrass Turf”
e1“Chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and benomyl reduced water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of clippings during the study, this effect was most common in the heat of late summer”
Claim · model-written summary
Propiconazole reduced water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of creeping bentgrass clippings, most commonly in the heat of late summer.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- propiconazolee1
- Outcome
- water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of clippingse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- most common in the heat of late summere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Creeping Bentgrass Turf”
e1“Chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and benomyl reduced water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of clippings during the study, this effect was most common in the heat of late summer”
Claim · model-written summary
Benomyl reduced water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of creeping bentgrass clippings, most commonly in the heat of late summer.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- benomyle1
- Outcome
- water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of clippingse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- most common in the heat of late summere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Creeping Bentgrass Turf”
e1“Chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and benomyl reduced water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of clippings during the study, this effect was most common in the heat of late summer”
Claim · model-written summary
Weekly benomyl decreased earthworm activity in creeping bentgrass turf.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- Benomyl applied weeklye1
- Interactor
- earthwormCrassiclitellatae1other
- Outcome
- earthworm activitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Creeping Bentgrass Turf”
e1“Benomyl applied weekly and chlorothalonil applied weekly or alternated with the other fungicides decreased earthworm activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorothalonil applied weekly or alternated with the other fungicides decreased earthworm activity in creeping bentgrass turf.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- chlorothalonil applied weekly or alternated with the other fungicidese1
- Interactor
- earthwormCrassiclitellatae1other
- Outcome
- earthworm activitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Creeping Bentgrass Turf”
e1“Benomyl applied weekly and chlorothalonil applied weekly or alternated with the other fungicides decreased earthworm activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Weekly propiconazole, or propiconazole alternated with chlorothalonil, increased damage from pink snow mold (Microdochium nivale) in creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- Propiconazole applied weekly or alternated with chlorothalonile1
- Interactor
- Microdochium nivale
_Samuels_%26_I.C._Hallett_562904.jpg?width=60)
Microdochium nivalee1pathogen - Outcome
- damage from pink snow molde1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Samuels_%26_I.C._Hallett_562904.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Creeping Bentgrass Turf”
e1“Propiconazole applied weekly or alternated with chlorothalonil increased damage from pink snow mold ( Microdochium nivale”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorothalonil applied weekly and alternated with the other fungicides increased rooting of creeping bentgrass in the last year of the study.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- Chlorothalonil applied weekly and alternated with the other fungicidese1
- Outcome
- rootinge1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- the last year of the studye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Creeping Bentgrass Turf”
e1“Chlorothalonil applied weekly and alternated with the other fungicides increased rooting the last year of the study”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that frequently applied fungicides did not have serious negative non-target effects on Penncross creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Material
- Penncrosse1
- Treatment
- Fungicides applied frequentlye1
- Outcome
- serious negative non‐target effectse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fungicides applied frequently did not have serious negative non‐target effects on Penncross creeping bentgrass”
The same questions in other papers
propiconazole · quality: general · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.