Abstract
In Japan, since rice consumption has been decreasing with the westernization of Japanese eating habits, surplus paddy fields have been increasing. If these surplus paddy fields can be utilized for forage rice production as feed for animal production and excretions (feces and urine) from animal production can be applied to the paddy fields as manure, then the problems of surplus paddy fields and excretions from animal production may be solved, and the environment kept sustainable. The objectives of the present study were to apply a bio-economic model to dairy and forage rice integration systems in Japan and to examine the merit of introducing whole crop rice silage (WCRS), as well as economic and environmental effects of various economic and management options in the systems. Five simulations were conducted using this model. The use of WCRS as a home-grown feed increased environmental loads and decreased economic benefit because of the higher amount of purchased feed, when compared to the use of typical crops such as maize, alfalfa and timothy silage (simulation 1). Higher economic benefits from higher forage rice yields and higher milk production of a dairy cow were obtained (simulations 2, 3). There were no economic and environmental incentives for utilizing crude protein (CP) rich WCRS, because an increase in the CP content in WCRS led to the use of more chemical fertilizers, resulting in high production costs and nitrogen outputs (simulation 4). When evaluated under the situation of a fixed herd size, increasing forage rice yields decreased the total benefit of the production, in spite of the fact that the amount of subsidies per unit of land increased (simulation 5). It was indicated that excess subsidy support may not promote yield of forage rice. It was, however, observed in most cases that dairy and forage rice integration systems could not be economically established without subsidies.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Home-grown whole crop rice silage increased environmental loads versus typical crop silage.
Verbatim
e0“The use of WCRS as a home-grown feed increased environmental loads and decreased economic benefit because of the higher amount of purchased feed, when compared to the use of typical crops such as maize, alfalfa and timothy silage”
t0“forage rice production”
Claim · model-written summary
Home-grown whole crop rice silage decreased economic benefit versus typical crop silage.
Verbatim
e0“The use of WCRS as a home-grown feed increased environmental loads and decreased economic benefit because of the higher amount of purchased feed, when compared to the use of typical crops such as maize, alfalfa and timothy silage”
t0“forage rice production”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher forage rice yield produced higher economic benefits.
Verbatim
e0“Higher economic benefits from higher forage rice yields and higher milk production of a dairy cow were obtained”
t0“forage rice production”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher dairy cow milk production produced higher economic benefits in the integration model.
Verbatim
e0“Higher economic benefits from higher forage rice yields and higher milk production of a dairy cow were obtained”
t0“forage rice production”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher protein content in rice silage led to more chemical fertilizer use and high costs and nitrogen outputs.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in the CP content in WCRS led to the use of more chemical fertilizers, resulting in high production costs and nitrogen outputs”
t0“forage rice production”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing forage rice yield reduced total benefit when herd size was fixed.
Verbatim
e0“under the situation of a fixed herd size, increasing forage rice yields decreased the total benefit of the production”
t0“forage rice production”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsidies per unit of land rose under the fixed herd size scenario.
Verbatim
e0“the amount of subsidies per unit of land increased”
t0“forage rice production”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess subsidy support may fail to promote forage rice yield.
Verbatim
e0“excess subsidy support may not promote yield of forage rice”
t0“forage rice production”
Claim · model-written summary
Most simulated integration systems could not be economically established without subsidies.
Verbatim
e0“in most cases that dairy and forage rice integration systems could not be economically established without subsidies”
t0“forage rice production”
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